E-entrepreneurship in a disadvantaged community: Project EdNet in California.

E-entrepreneurship in a disadvantaged community: Project EdNet in California. GOVERNMENT WITHOUT BOUNDARIES An emerging trend across the nation since the 1990s revealsgovernmental entities coming together for integrated informationaltechnology (IT) efforts across boundaries (Governing, August 2001). Suchgovernments have successfully achieved cost savings through the sharingof electronic resources to advance their own unique policy strategies.On the federal and state levels governments have begun working togetherwithin a forum called "Government without Boundaries." Thisgroup, developed by state Chief Information Officers (CIOs) brings moreintegration and standardization standardizationIn industry, the development and application of standards that make it possible to manufacture a large volume of interchangeable parts. Standardization may focus on engineering standards, such as properties of materials, fits and tolerances, and drafting among levels of governments and theirrespective agencies (ibid). Some local governments, for example, PaloAlto Palo Alto, city, CaliforniaPalo Alto(păl`ō ăl`tō), city (1990 pop. 55,900), Santa Clara co., W Calif.; inc. 1894. Although primarily residential, Palo Alto has aerospace, electronics, and advanced research industries. , have become contractors and consultants for other cities. PaloAlto, which has high IT connections and capabilities, will bring in$200,000 from its contract to its neighbor, East Palo Alto alone.Similarly, states are contracting with each other to supplement servicesthey lack, instead of buying a whole system for themselves. Thus,processing time that would have cost the government of Hawaii Government of Hawaiʻi can refer to.... Constitution of Hawaiʻi Ancient Hawaiʻi up to $40million on the commercial market was purchased at $11 million from thegovernment of Arizona. Arizona runs this project from its administrationmainframe, incorporating some programming modifications to fitHawaii's requirements. As these types of intergovernmental in��ter��gov��ern��men��tal?adj.Being or occurring between two or more governments or divisions of a government.in entrepreneurial relationships become more common they are being known asGSPs or government service providers. Rather than contracting with aprivate company, cities find it easier to contract with GSPs who canbetter understand their governmental constraints and challenges. ********** GSPs represent the newest paradigm in reform of publicmanagement--the most prominent of which was the "reinventinggovernment" model proposed by Osbourne and Gaebler (1992). In turn"reinventing government" stems from a reform movement known asmanagement-based government--or managerialism In the field of administration, observers can characterise as managerialism those systems where they perceive a preponderance or excess of managerial techniques, solutions and personnel. (Burnham, 1941; Djilas1957; Shafritz & Russell, 2003). In the context of this article,GSPs form what Osbourne and Gaebler presented in their ten principles ofreinventing government: "Enterprising en��ter��pris��ing?adj.Showing initiative and willingness to undertake new projects: The enterprising children opened a lemonade stand. Government: Earning Ratherthan Spending," and Market Oriented Government: leveraging changethrough the market (ibid). Governments are now also generating sourcesof revenue through the marketing and sales of their e.services. Inexperimenting with new systems such as GSPs, government can be seen as a"learning" organization (Senge, 1994, 1994; Comfort, 2002,2002, 1999, 1997, 1994; Marquardt, 1996) in the IT field. This is a newand different action-oriented role for government, which is generallyseen as preserving the status quo [Latin, The existing state of things at any given date.] Status quo ante bellum means the state of things before the war. The status quo to be preserved by a preliminary injunction is the last actual, peaceable, uncontested status which preceded the pending controversy. . Many of these GSPs areentrepreneurial electronic communications ventures have come to be knownenterprise electronic governments. ENTERPRISE ELECTRONIC GOVERNMENT Enterprise Electronic Government--the title of this article is alsoknown in short form as e2government (NECCC NECCC New England Camera Club Council Report, 2001). The changefrom e.gov to e2gov represents no mere nomenclature nomenclature/no��men��cla��ture/ (no��men-kla?cher) a classified system of names, as of anatomical structures, organisms, etc.binomial nomenclature shift, but rather areinvention of 20th-century government as we once knew it--moving as itdoes so (a) from "regulatory to valued;" (b) to theencouragement of an "engaged citizenry cit��i��zen��ry?n. pl. cit��i��zen��riesCitizens considered as a group.citizenryNouncitizens collectivelyNoun 1. "; and (c) to promote"improved prospects for economic advancement" and regionalgrowth (ibid). E2government implies the creation of "a network ofpartnerships to support integrated and seamless electronic governmentoperations This article aims to describe the financial expenditure associated with the operations and processes of world governments of all levels. Size of economic footprintMain articles: Government ownership and Government spending ." Enterprise electronic government is expected to reachnot only into, but also across administrative agencies An official governmental body empowered with the authority to direct and supervise the implementation of particular legislative acts. In addition to agency, such governmental bodies may be called commissions, corporations (e.g. and levels ofgovernments, as well as to private and non-profit sectors The nonprofit sector, also called the third sector, civic sector or voluntary sector, is a third area of an economy, distinct from the public sector and the private sector. It is made up of all of the non-profit organizations in the economy. of enterprise.It encourages communicative com��mu��ni��ca��tive?adj.1. Inclined to communicate readily; talkative.2. Of or relating to communication.com��mu government, steered by citizen-customerneeds (Osbourne & Gaebler, 1993). Customer-driven, entrepreneurialgovernment was a model that was widely touted by scholars andpoliticians in the last decade of the 20th century. This entrepreneurialventure satisfies the two important components identified by Everard(2000), concerning governmental IT entrepreneurship: (a) provision ofenabling technologies; and (b) provision of a network forcommunications. [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] Advantages of E2government Collaborations There are several significant advantages to such collaborations: * it brings communities of interest together in new and differentways; * it permits better sharing of scarce resources, and enhances costsavings; * it addresses important "digital divide" and democracyconcerns; * it enhances regional development; * it provides models for replication in other communities; * it builds bridges for future development; * it leads to a sense of shared communitarian com��mu��ni��tar��i��an?n.A member or supporter of a small cooperative or a collectivist community.com��mu values for technologyentrepreneurship; and * it provides empowerment to less-advantaged communities. COLLABORATIVE E2GOVERNMENT IN CALIFORNIA Imperial County's Project EdNet One intergovernmental entrepreneurial communications model likelyto serve as an example for less-advantaged communities is the ImperialValley Telecommunications Authority (IVTA IVTA Intravitreal Injection of Triamcinolone Acetonide ). This entity derives from astrategic linkage between a governmental agency--the Imperial CountyOffice of Education (ICOE ICOE Imperial County Office of Education (California)ICOE International Center for Orthopaedic EducationICOE In Case of EmergencyICOE International Conference on Ocean Energy ), and a government corporation--the ImperialValley Irrigation irrigation,in agriculture, artificial watering of the land. Although used chiefly in regions with annual rainfall of less than 20 in. (51 cm), it is also used in wetter areas to grow certain crops, e.g., rice. District (IID IID Imperial Irrigation District (California)IID Interface Identifier (Component Object Model)IID Ignition Interlock Device (automotive security system)). The partnership resulted in ProjectEdNet--an educational technology infrastructure project set up toservice the underserved region of Imperial County (Figure 1). (1) Theproject when completed will provide regional schools, the ImperialValley College HistoryThe Imperial Valley College had its beginning on May 9, 1922 with the name of Central Junior College, opening in September that year. Originally at Central Union High School, 2 years later a new college named Brawley Junior College was opened. , San Diego San Diego(săn dēā`gō), city (1990 pop. 1,110,549), seat of San Diego co., S Calif., on San Diego Bay; inc. 1850. San Diego includes the unincorporated communities of La Jolla and Spring Valley. Coronado is across the bay. State University-Imperial Valley Campus, localcity libraries, and other public agencies, access to this communicationnetwork. The Underserved Region Imperial County's geographic isolation and limited access toresources has been "a formidable opponent" to the educational,economic and social development of the region (Project EdNet, 2000-02). The area consists of a land mass of 4,282 square miles A square mil is a unit of area, equal to the area of a square with sides of length one mil. A mil is one thousandth of an international inch. This unit of area is usually used in specifying the area of the cross section of a wire or cable. of deserts,cultivated land, rocky and barren bar��renadj.1. Not producing offspring.2. Incapable of producing offspring.barrensee infertility.barrenadjective Gynecology Infertile, sterile, fruitless, inconceivable mountains that houses a population of145,744 persons (U.S. Census 2001). Ethnically the population can bebroken down as shown in Figure 2. The Imperial Valley suffers from high unemployment--and at 31% ithas the highest rate of unemployment in California. The median income isless than $15,000. A third of the families live on Aid to Families withDependent Children Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) was the name of a federal assistance program in effect from 1935 to 1997,[1] which was administered by the United States Department of Health and Human Services. . Forty percent of the children live below the povertyline. The developers of Project EdNet believe that "where a personlives should not be a deterrent to that individual's opportunityfor success" (Project EdNet, 2000-02). This entrepreneurial communications effort satisfies the twoimportant components identified by Everard (2000) concerninggovernmental IT entrepreneurship: (a) provision of enablingtechnologies; and (b) provision of a network for communications. THE COMPOSITION OF THE JURISTIC ju��ris��tic? also ju��ris��ti��caladj.1. Of or relating to a jurist or to jurisprudence.2. Of or relating to law or legality.ju��ris ENTITY Imperial Valley Telecommunications Authority (IVTA) This multi-million dollar governmental authority was conceived in2000 by IID and ICOE. It is an example of the sort of enterpriseelectronic government collaboration defined earlier by "GovernmentWithout Boundaries." A collaborative venture "created toleverage local resources for broadband use in Imperial County" byproviding them access to a multimillion dollar fiber-opticcommunications network The transmission channels interconnecting all client and server stations as well as all supporting hardware and software. that no single entity in the partnership coulddevelop alone. It is expected that this joint venture will result inoutcomes that will position Imperial County to interface with otherCalifornia electronic initiatives that are focused on high-speedinfrastructure development. Each partner to IVTA brings unique resources to the mix. The IIDprovides no- cost access to its fiber-optic communication lines,communication poles, and microwave tower facilities. The ICOEcontributes design and development, and operational coordination. Inaddition, ICOE develops funding for Project EdNet, through applying for,and in-sourcing of, financial grants from federal, state and localentities, as well as other grants such as E-Rate, Digital High Schools,and SIP funds (Project EdNet, 2000-02). [FIGURE 2 OMITTED] While Figure 3 represents the first phase of the project, the IVTApartnership is more ambitious than that. The entrepreneurial model canaccommodate other public agencies in the area beyond schools andeducation facilities. It is envisioned that member agencies from variouspublic organizations will come on board once the system is in place. STRENGTHS AND OPPORTUNITIES OF THE ENTERPRISE IVTA's Relevance to California's Vision for E-Government One important priority of California Governor Gray Davis was toencourage improvement of informational technology for governmentalagencies in California. The Little Hoover Commission Hoover Commission(1947–49, 1953–55) Advisory body headed by former Pres. Herbert Hoover to examine the organization of the U.S. executive branch. The first commission, officially titled the Commission on Organization of the U.S. , 2000, revealed thesurprising fact that despite California's fame as the birthplace birth��place?n.The place where someone is born or where something originates.birthplaceNounthe place where someone was born or where something originatedNoun 1. ofthe electronics industry, it has lagged behind 41 other states in termsof applications to government. (See Appendix I). Overall, across thenation, state governments are putting a priority on state colleges anduniversities to expand their communications capacity in IT education todevelop future workers (Little Hoover Commission. iv, 2000). Both theseneeds are being addressed by Project EdNet. Provides Empowerment for Less-Advantaged Communities The Imperial County area has been identified as a federalEnterprise Community. The development of an Empowerment Zone applicationwas endorsed by the school Superintendent's group and local schoolboards, and through collaboration with city and government officials.IVTA's efforts now provide for better meaning to the term"enterprise community." It will empower this community tolearn, work, and compete in the next millennium with much neededtechnology resources and improved access to information. [FIGURE 3 OMITTED] Digital Divide and Democracy Concerns The geographic isolation, and scanty economic resources of theImperial Valley have to date been a factor in slower educational,economic and social growth of the region. Because of this, there havealways been concerns about lack of access and communications opportunityin this region compared with other California communities to the Westand North. Indeed these are concerns that have preoccupied citizens inseveral significant ways in the last decade. Among these is the issue ofdemocratic access to information, and equality of access to information,for all citizens advantaged and disadvantaged alike. A constitutionalissue to consider is the 14th Amendment's property and equalprotection clauses The Equal Protection Clause, part of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, provides that "no state shall… deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. for all citizens. By its efforts IVTA here seesitself as helping fulfill this important mandate of the U.S.Constitution. (2) In practical terms for example, Project EdNet now gives the regionaccess to delivery of Advanced Placement (AP) courses with teachertraining and support, increased University of California The University of California has a combined student body of more than 191,000 students, over 1,340,000 living alumni, and a combined systemwide and campus endowment of just over $7.3 billion (8th largest in the United States). eligibility forstudents, standards-based teacher training using technology, andprofessional development through video teleconferencing See videoconferencing. . Keeping Resources Within the Region The existence of IVTA will help retain and recruit valuableresources within the Imperial Valley. Thus the potential threatexpressed across the nation that small, less advantaged communitiesmight find their services being outsourced--for example, personnelmanagement and financial services--to cheaper venues, outside the UnitedStates--such as in Asian markets (O'Looney, 5, 2000). In general,where communities are more prosperous, while citizens might notespecially like outsourcing, but if the outsourcing is sufficientlycheap then both societies benefit. However, due to the poverty and lackof jobs, training, and opportunity for advancement, especially in thehigh-technology field, this venture benefits the county by remaining inthe Imperial Valley. One of the biggest issues in the Imperial Valleyhas been the out-migration of educated young people to venues with moreemployment opportunities the few qualified young people of the area.Here the IVTA has protected itself against this threat by its effortsbeing a supplier of services, rather than a buyer. Building Bridges for Future Development One of IVTA's targets has been to create a"backbone" to public agencies that will be able to accesstelecommunications networks A telecommunications network is a of telecommunications links and nodes arranged so that messages may be passed from one part of the network to another over multiple links and through various nodes. to assist them in providing their servicesto the public (Joint Powers Agreement joint powers agreementn. a contract between a city, a county, and/or a special district in which the city or county agrees to perform services, cooperate with, or lend its powers to, the special district. ). As more public agencies areintegrated into the communications fiber and aerial network, morecitizen-customers of this county will, naturally be benefited, but it isalso anticipated that with such a push from IVTA, each agency, itself,will leap forward to additional creative IT cost-effect, reliable,customer-service efforts. Generalizability of Methodology This project will be a replicable model for the state in terms ofinnovative use of technology and collaboration among multiple publicagencies. OUTCOMES By Fall 2002, a number of Project EdNet's visions werecompleted, and a number of initiatives are in progress. These are shownin Tables 1, 2, 3, and 4. All classrooms now have at least one computer and LCCD LCCD Linear Coupled-Cluster Method with Double Excitations , givingInternet capability that is faster and more reliable and links ImperialCounty students with the broader world beyond "the Valley." POTENTIAL RISKS AND UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES For the "Law of unintended consequences", see Unintended consequenceUnintended Consequences is a novel by author John Ross, first published in 1996 by Accurate Press. Development of new technologies, especially in a less-advantagedregion, poses some threats of unintended consequences, such as thefollowing. System Integrity and Protections A number of guidelines safeguarding the integrity of thecommunications system In telecommunication, a communications system is a collection of individual communications networks, transmission systems, relay stations, tributary stations, and data terminal equipment (DTE) usually capable of interconnection and interoperation to form an integrated whole. are in place. Here the IVTA is concerned withprotection of constitutional rights of privacy, safeguarded by the 1st,3rd, 5th, 9th (3), and 14th (4) Amendments. Issues of privacy centeraround individuals as well as government itself. With regard to thelatter point, government information that has been inaccessible in thepast is becoming more and more available--internal memoranda, records,executive meeting sessions, and other electronic files that may containsensitive, confidential, or potentially damaging information. Thus, theagency sees part of its mission as monitoring the system to see that itis not used inappropriately. Additionally, the agency is concerned withmaintaining the integrity of the system itself. In particular the agencyseeks to provide precautions precautionsInfectious disease The constellation of activities intended to minimize exposure to an infectious agent; precautions imply that the isolation of an infected Pt is optional, but not mandatory. to ensure that the telecommunicationsnetwork is not overloaded or excessively utilized. Future Concerns 1. Agency Apathy apathy/ap��a��thy/ (ap��ah-the) lack of feeling or emotion; indifference.apathet��ic ap��a��thyn.Lack of interest, concern, or emotion; indifference. -- lack of broad based follow-up in ImperialValley if governmental enterprises do not take advantage of the JointPowers Agreement and link in. 2. Obsolescence ob��so��les��cent?adj.1. Being in the process of passing out of use or usefulness; becoming obsolete.2. Biology Gradually disappearing; imperfectly or only slightly developed. -- some of the communications assets may beobsolete every few years and this needs to be understood and overcomewith the idea that IT requires continuous updating. 3. Technological Savvy Savvy®Gynecology A contraceptive vaginal gel that ↓ transmission of STDs–eg, HIV, chlamydia, gonorrhea. See Contraceptive. of Leadership -- some of the agencies havetop-level executives (school principals etc., in this case) who aretech-savvy. Education of others, including teachers may be a criticalneed. 4. Transparency of Information -- Collection of informationvis-a-vis the perception of a "Watchful watch��ful?adj.1. Closely observant or alert; vigilant: kept a watchful eye on the clock.See Synonyms at aware, careful.2. Archaic Not sleeping; awake. Big Brother" maycreate a greater mistrust of government, and so the challenge will be toensure that data exists in the "sunshine." 5. Reengineering -- getting agencies to do this for acceptance ofthe new communications system. 6. Firewalls & Barriers -- need to be set up to ensure thatundesirable communications are not accessed. 7. Organizational Culture This article or section is written like an .Please help [ rewrite this article] from a neutral point of view.Mark blatant advertising for , using . and Turf Issues -- these may present alarger problem than getting the technology installed and operational.Culture as an influencing variable needs to be something planners becomeaware of early on. 8. Politics -- may provide disincentives for elected publicservants to coordinate efforts, and could cause trouble for planners. 9. Popular Mandate -- lack of popular will from the"customers" can stop progress, hence, continuous updating tothe public and gaining public support must be continued. SUMMARY The toolbox See toolkit and toolbar. of bureaucracy has expanded considerably in theinformation age. The new tools are designed to provide better, cheaper,faster, and more responsive service to citizens, thereby diffusing thelong-held beliefs that government is inefficient, expensive, slow, andunresponsive unresponsiveNeurology adjective Referring to a total lack of response to neurologic stimuli to social needs. Heeks (1999) and others have suggestedthat the new refinements to bureaucracy from electronic sources ariseprincipally in the areas of: * Speed of outputs * Quality and Quantity of outputs. * Cost-effectiveness of outputs. Project EdNet is providing the advantages of speed,quality-quantity, and cost-effectiveness of outputs, and thus serves,and intends to serve (once the projects are completed) the regionalbureaucracies in several key ways: (a) in its Bureaucratic bu��reau��crat?n.1. An official of a bureaucracy.2. An official who is rigidly devoted to the details of administrative procedure.bu InnovatingFunction--it provides new IT-executed public services--such as broadbandaccess See broadband and wireless broadband. to schools, colleges, universities, and libraries; (b) in itsBureaucratic Supporting Function--it assists (or will assist) humanresource executed processes, such decision-making, communications, anddecision implementation using data sources, data manipulators,organizers, and so forth; (c) in its Bureaucratic Supplanting sup��plant?tr.v. sup��plant��ed, sup��plant��ing, sup��plants1. To usurp the place of, especially through intrigue or underhanded tactics.2. Function--it automates (and may also eliminate) existing costly executedprocesses, such as storing, processing, and outputting information. Once the other local government agencies are linked to itscommunications system, Project EdNet will advance additional benefitsto: (d) Internal Management--for its operational requirements (programming) operational requirements - Qualitative and quantitative parameters that specify the desired capabilities of a system and serve as a basis for determining the operational effectiveness and suitability of a system prior to deployment. , such asplanning and budgeting; to (e) Public Administration Regulatoryrequirements Regulatory requirements are part of the process of drug discovery and drug development. Regulatory requirements describe what is necessary for a new drug to be approved for marketing in any particular country. , such as its legal, judicial, and fiscal needs; (f) toPublic Services--such as education, health, transportation, publicutilities, and so forth; (g) to its Dissemination disseminationMedtalk The spread of a pernicious process–eg, CA, acute infection Oncology Metastasis, see there of Public Informationrequirements The information needed to support a business or other activity. Systems analysts turn information requirements (the what and when) into functional specifications (the how) of an information system. , such as press releases, government data collection (suchas demographics The attributes of people in a particular geographic area. Used for marketing purposes, population, ethnic origins, religion, spoken language, income and age range are examples of demographic data. and statistics); policies, performance indicators, andso forth. These developmental communications functions (Heeks, 1999) arebeing practically implemented today in the Imperial Valley ofCalifornia. APPENDIX I: All states have some form of e-government in place. States havebeen ranked by their digital readiness in a survey, the results of whichare presented below. This survey was conducted by three entities: TheCenter for Digital Government, the Progress and Freedom Foundation The Progress & Freedom Foundation is a U.S. market-oriented think tank based in Washington, D.C. that studies the digital revolution and its implications for public policy. , andGovernment Technology Magazine (http:www.centerdigitalgov.com/center/Final-Rank.doc):State Points RankWashington 93.0 1Kansas 89.0 2Alaska 84.1 3Illinois 81.5 4Utah 80.1 5New Jersey 79.1 6Georgia 78.8 7Wisconsin 77.3 8Maryland 77.1 9Texas 76.4 10Michigan 75.8 11Pennsylvania 73.4 12Idaho 70.4 13Nebraska 69.8 14South Dakota 69.8 15Virginia 69.4 16Arizona 68.0 17Louisiana 67.5 18Nevada 66.4 19Iowa 65.8 20Colorado 65.1 21Missouri 63.9 22Oregon 63.4 23West Virginia 63.3 24Florida 63.1 25Indiana 62.9 26Connecticut 62.4 27Massachusetts 62.4 28Kentucky 61.3 29Ohio 60.8 30Arkansas 60.1 31South Carolina 59.8 32New York 58.4 33Montana 57.1 34Maine 57.0 35North Carolina 57.0 36Minnesota 56.1 37Mississippi 56.1 38Delaware 54.8 39Tennessee 51.0 40New Hampshire 50.9 41California 49.6 42Hawaii 49.6 43Okalahoma 77.1 44Wyoming 47.0 45Vermont 42.3 46North Dakota 41.1 47New Mexico 40.0 48Alabama 35.3 49Rhode Island 30.0 50Table 1. Project EdNet -- Phase I: Pilot Program and Proof of ConceptPhaseLOCATION STATUSImperial County Office of Education completedCalexico Unified School District completedTable 2. Project EdNet -- Phase II: CompletedLOCATION STATUSEl Centro Elementary School District completedCentral Union High School completedImperial High School completedBen Hulse Elementary School completedBrawley Elementary District Office completedCalpatria High School completedCalexico High School completedSource: Project EdNet Paper, 2002.Table 3. Project EdNet -- Phase III: In-ProgressLOCATION STATUSSouthwest High School fiber has arrived & installation timetable is being developedHedrick Elementary School fiber has arrived & installation timetable is being developedHoltville High School fiber has arrived & installation timetable is being developedImperial Valley College fiber has arrived & installation timetable is being developedSan Pasqual Valley Unified Distr. Off. fiber has arrived & installation timetable is being developedSource: Project EdNet Paper, 2002.Table 4. Project EdNet -- Other Activity: In-ProgressITEM STATUSMulberry, Pine, Westside/Schools Wireless solutions being exploredCommunity of Calexico Engineering completedCommunications Tech. Advisory Established and working with towerCommittee (CommTAC) companies, wireless service providers, and national fiber optic carriers to realize public benefitsAgreement with Level III In placeAdelphia Discussions begun regarding their potential role in Project EdNetOther non-government agencies Discussions begun regarding their potential role in Project EdNetSource: Project EdNet Paper, 2002. Notes: (1) As well as under-served portions of Southern RiversideCounty and remote areas of San Diego County (Project EdNet, 2000-02). (2) Amendment XIV: asserts that no State shall deny any person oflife, liberty or property, without due process, nor deny any personwithin its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws Noun 1. equal protection of the laws - a right guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment to the US Constitution and by the due-process clause of the Fifth Amendment (3) Justice William O. Douglas O. Douglas is the pen name of Anna Masterton Buchan (1877-1948), a Scottish novelist.[1] She was born in Perth, Scotland, the daughter of the Reverend John Buchan and Helen Masterton, and the younger sister of John Buchan, the renowned statesman and author. found that the right of privacy(which is not explicitly found in the Constitution) is implied from"emanations "Emanations" is the ninth episode of . PlotVoyager detects the signature of an as-yet undiscovered heavy element within the ring system of a planet and organise an away team to investigate the cavern systems of one of the rocks. 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