Editorial. .

Editorial. . Archaeology is at its best when tackling the major transitions ofhumanity: the emergence of culture, the development of agriculture andthe formation of the state. Even in a theoretical age that is suspiciousof any remnant of cultural evolutionism ev��o��lu��tion��ism?n.1. A theory of biological evolution, especially that formulated by Charles Darwin.2. Advocacy of or belief in biological evolution. , we maintain that thesetransitions, and the categories we necessarily employ to define them,are still fundamental to our knowledge of humanity, and thus toarchaeological research. The first transition defines the onset ofhumanity, the second provides the intensive food production on which thefull impact of `culture' is developed, and the third represents amajor re-working of political values and organization. In our currentarchaeological discussions of theory, we are inclined to forget theeffectiveness and primary importance of archaeology in exploring each ofthese central issues. In the next three editorials of ANTIQUITY, we willinvestigate these major transitions with the assistance of invitedcolleagues. We invite readers to add their reactions. We start with the final transition, variously defined in ways thatare not co-terminous, as the city or the state. This is a thresholdforgotten by some (Mithen 1996) and criticized over a number of years byothers (Gledhill 1988; Kohl 1987). For still others it is dangerouslyassociated with neo-evolutionary theory (Shanks & Tilley 1987). Weexamine here two traditions, the Mediterranean Old World (see also Bookreviews section), where the concept of the city was perhaps firststudied, but is subject to major critique, and the New World traditionwhere the state remains the accepted mode of analysis. Whither whith��er?adv.To what place, result, or condition: Whither are we wandering?conj.1. To which specified place or position: are thesetwo streams of thought developing? The recent conference organized by Barry Cunliffe Sir Barrington Windsor Cunliffe CBE (born December 10, 1939), known as Barry Cunliffe, has been Professor of European Archaeology at the University of Oxford since 1972. (Institute ofArchaeology The Institute of Archaeology is an academic department of University College London (UCL), in the United Kingdom. The Institute is located in a separate building at the north end of Gordon Square, Bloomsbury. , Oxford) and Robin Osborne Robin Osborne (born 1957) is an English historian of antiquity, who is particularly interested in Ancient Greece. He authored standard monographs on archaic Greek history (Greece in the Making 1200–479 BC) and on Greek art (Archaic and Classical Greek Art). (University of Cambridge) onMediterranean Urbanisation 800-600 BC took place at the British Academy The British Academy is the United Kingdom's national academy for the humanities and the social sciences. It was established by Royal Charter in 1902, and is a fellowship of more than 800 scholars. The Academy is self-governing and independent. in London on 15 &16 November 2001, and provided an opportunity toassess the Mediterranean flow. This was deliberately aninterdisciplinary conference attended by both archaeologists and ancienthistorians. The main thrust of the meeting was to reject or, at least,heavily criticize the city and state as entities, with particularsuspicion directed towards the historical validity of founders ofcities. In this latter respect the work of Carandini (already assessedin the pages of ANTIQUITY 73: 463-7) was reviewed critically. Moregenerally, retrojection of later textual sources, in the past a frequentapproach for the classical world, was also attacked. This is animportant point because, although state formation and urbanization are atransition that often introduces the technology of written history, onlyarchaeology can study the formative phases of the earliest examples.Archaeology is now available to provide a primary source of evidenceinto which the partial written sources can be fitted. This has notprevented historians attempting to employ textual models for earlierperiods, and indeed some of this approach was present at the meeting. If such concepts are rejected, what should be put in their place?One proposition was a vaguely defined idea of community. Another was theconcept of identity, a theme popular in non-Mediterranean Europe butperhaps less developed for the archaeology of the Mediterranean. Therewas also a thrust that dynamism (and thus instability) was theunderlying force, fuelled by the frequently addressed mechanism in theMediterranean sea Mediterranean Sea[Lat.,=in the midst of lands], the world's largest inland sea, c.965,000 sq mi (2,499,350 sq km), surrounded by Europe, Asia, and Africa.GeographyThe Mediterranean is c.2,400 mi (3,900 km) long with a maximum width of c. , that of trade and interaction. In summary, a patternemerged of dynamic and changing political worlds in strong contact withother equally evolving political structures. To our mind, however, thisis the product of a text-led analysis. In the Mediterranean world, thereis still a relative lack of attention to infrastructure (productionrather than consumption or usually deposition; agriculture rather thanfeasting; rural settlement rather than city life or more usually death).The evidence for all this is now very available, but not fullyincorporated in our understanding. Urban and state structures bringinvestment that militates against rapid change and it is perhaps thisinvestment in intensive food production and the built environment thatconstitutes one major aspect of the threshold we are investigating. Somescholars find it difficult to envisage the active (and conservative)quality of material culture. In the Mediterranean, it is too tempting tobe distracted by the elite, both by their writings and their luxuryitems. We have asked MATTHEW FITZJOHN of St John's College,Cambridge, who is working on related issues in Sicily, to provide a morebalanced and comprehensive account of the same meeting. He writes: `Attempting to assemble scholars from a variety of disciplinarybackgrounds and regional specialisms, this meeting was intended as anopportunity to question the definition of "urbanisation" andthe extent to which it is possible to talk of a distinctly urbancultural life, through the integration of cross-cultural andcross-regional perspectives. The conference can thus be regarded ascomplementary to the University of Copenhagen's 1994 conference"Urbanisation in the Mediterranean in the 9th to the 6th centuriesBC" in its attempts to investigate the particularities ofurbanization in the Mediterranean world and clarification on the natureof early towns. `Despite the desires of the organisers to gather specialistsrepresenting research from across the Mediterranean the omission ofplanned presentations by Frederic Trement (Southern France andNortheastern Spain) and Barry Cunliffe (The Mediterranean and Europe)resulted in the regional focus being placed rather heavily towards Italyand its islands, with Greece for once in a supporting role supporting rolen → second r?le msupporting rolen → ruolo non protagonista. ProfessorMaria Iacovou's paper on the Early Iron Age Urban forms of Cyprusoffered the only research directing our attention away from Greece andItaly. Despite the lack of geographical diversity, the plenary sessionsat the end of both days, presided over by Cunliffe and Osborne,successfully replaced the formal presentations of Trement and Cunliffe,providing an open forum for lively debate between the conferenceparticipants. `Whilst most attention was focused upon the examination of detailsfrom excavated sites (Iacovou; De Polignac; Rasmussen; Smith; Riva;Osborne) and data from regional survey projects (Van Dommelen forSardinia; Attema for Lazio, Apulia and the Sibaritide), argument wasalso supplemented by literary sources (Smith; Purcell; Foxhall). `The distinctive feature of all of the presentations was theopposition to all encompassing definitions of urbanism and conceptionsof urbanism as an evolutionary process (Iacovou; De Polignac; vanDommelen; Purcell). In Statics statics,branch of mechanics concerned with the maintenance of equilibrium in bodies by the interaction of forces upon them (see force). It incorporates the study of the center of gravity (see center of mass) and the moment of inertia. and Dynamics: Ancient MediterraneanUrbanism, Purcell proposed that definitions and approaches tourbanization have tended to reconstruct the built environment as a fixedentity emphasizing durable features and ignoring the regional andhistorical fluctuations of urban forms. Pointing to the normality ofchange in the modern Mediterranean world and by explaining environmentalfactors as the catalyst for change and causation of stress Purcellattempted to reveal the dynamic processes involved in urbanizationresultant from the relationship between urban form and territory. `A major characteristic of several contributors was theirconcentration on the relationships between the urban centre and theregion, whether that was the rural community (De Polignac; Van Dommelen;Attema) or the Mediterranean as a whole (Iacovou; Riva; Foxhall). Theurbanization process was shown to be greatly influenced by foreignrelationships from the Late Bronze Age Bronze Age,period in the development of technology when metals were first used regularly in the manufacture of tools and weapons. Pure copper and bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, were used indiscriminately at first; this early period is sometimes called the (LBA (Logical Block Addressing) A method used to address hard disks by a single sector number rather than by cylinder, head and sector (CHS). LBA was introduced to support ATA/IDE drives as they reached 504MB, and Enhanced BIOSs in the PC translated CHS addressing into LBA ) and Iron Age (IA) in thecase of Cyprus (Iacovou) and Central Italy Central Italy is a geographic area in Italy that encompasses four of the country's 20autonomous regions: Lazio Marches Tuscany Umbria See alsoGroups of regions of Italy Northern Italy Southern Italy Insular Italy (Riva). In Cyprus,urbanization was not seen as the result of long-term development, butthe result of demographic reorganization across the island from the LBAand the establishment of an economy of metal which determined theislands passage to the IA. Ultimately connection with the AssyrianEmpires was argued to have led to urbanization. However, the growth ofurban sites was still explained as location specific, rather than as anisland-wide trend. The orientalizing phenomenon visible in exotic itemsand prestige and conspicuous consumption conspicuous consumptionn.The acquisition and display of expensive items to attract attention to one's wealth or to suggest that one is wealthy.Noun 1. by elites was argued to haveplayed a primary role in the cultural dimension of Mediterraneanurbanization (Riva). Contact with the Near East created a cultural koineshared by elite groups, which gave rise to aristocratic culture acrossthe Mediterranean basin The Mediterranean Basin refers to the lands around and surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea. In biogeography, the Mediterranean Basin refers to the lands around the Mediterranean Sea that have a Mediterranean climate, with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers, which with regional modifications from the 8th centuryBC. This aristocratic culture created an ideal of urban living, whilstnotions of civic community expressed through customs and practiceswithin a ritual symbolic sphere were explained as the main stimulus ofurbanization (Riva). Closely connected to Riva's conception of theOrientalising Koine, Foxhall's study attempted to move beyondsimplistic sim��plism?n.The tendency to oversimplify an issue or a problem by ignoring complexities or complications.[French simplisme, from simple, simple, from Old French; see simple conceptions of Orientalism and Hellenisation. Integratingarchaeological and textual evidence, Foxhall explored the notion offashion, the role of commodities and their use within specific socialpolitical and symbolic contexts. Volatile social and politicalstructures are seen as providing the setting for the use ofsemi-luxurious goods (wool, olive oil olive oil,pale yellow to greenish oil obtained from the pulp of olives by separating the liquids from solids. Olive oil was used in the ancient world for lighting, in the preparation of food, and as an anointing oil for both ritual and cosmetic purposes. , perfume, fruits, textiles andwheat) to express personal and social identities and ambitions. Clearly,we need to consider consumption as an elastic and dynamic conceptinvolved in complex relationships. `Whilst some of the presentations strove to understandMediterranean-wide processes which influenced location-specific forms ofurbanization, some scholars focused on the particular physical featuresof urban forms. The "Beginnings of Urbanisation in Rome"(Smith) were presented through a reflection of the recent Italianexhibition and catalogue Roma: Romolo, Remo e la fondazione della citta.Major new archaeological discoveries, reinterpretations of historicaldevelopments and a consideration of problems of how the curiae (wards)has been written into the political history of proto-urban Rome, werethe main points of discussion. Rasmussen discussed what he felt to bethe difficulties of tackling Etruscan urbanization, namely that bothexcavation and knowledge of sites is limited. Particular Etruscan siteswere shown to be much better understood using indications ofurbanization from features within the region: necropolises, sanctuariesand the organization of the agricultural landscape as exhibited in thecreation and drainage channels, tunnels and other major engineeringworks. The presentation by van Dommelen nevertheless made it clear thatassumptions about urban forms can often create misguided interpretationsof function. In the Mediterranean, it has often been assumed that allcolonial settlement is urban; in the instance of Sardinia, van Dommeleneffectively illustrated how this is not always the case. Rather thanestablishing the status of a settlement from its later urban form orurban appearance, van Dommelen approached the evidence within a regionalcontext, establishing function of the colonial sites from theirinter-relationships with the rural area and the wider Mediterraneanregion. `The examples of Greek colonization in the south of Italy (Attema)provided further impetus for the adoption of regional interpretations.The results of archaeological field survey Archaeological field survey is the methodological process by which archaeologists (often landscape archaeologists) collect information about the location, distribution and organisation of past human cultures across a large area (e.g. established the complexitiesof urbanization in different regions of southern Italy: in theSibaritide, the Greek colony of Sybaris is seen to create a colonialgeography out of the pre-existing proto-urban patterns, while inSalento, Taras did not directly affect the indigenous settlement system;finally, in the Pontine pontine/pon��tine/ (pon��tin) (pon��ten) pertaining to the pons. pontinepertaining to the pons. region, urbanization cannot be seen in isolationfrom the settlement dynamics of the Alban Hills The Alban Hills.The Alban Hills (ItalianColli Albaniand south Etruria. `Re-conceptualization of our classification of urban was acharacteristic of several presentations. Definitions of urban,classifications of sites as urban and associations of urbanism withstate development or civilisation are shown to hinder our interpretationof the Early Iron Age in the Mediterranean. As an alternative, Osborneproposed to adopt a minimalist definition of urban in order to examinethe explosion of towns and what he argues to have been the strikingadvantages of the town from the 8th century BC. `An alternative view of urban sites was presented by De Polignac,through his interpretation of sites across the Greek world. Frommainland to colony, changes to the organization of space within asettlement and region are seen as identifiable traits of urbanization.Colonies have traditionally been discussed in terms of the plannedorgani'ation and separation of functional spaces: between privateand public, living and dead, general and specialized. However, DePolignac presents a further level of analysis proposing how sites suchas Megara Hyblaea For other ancient cities named "Hybla" in Sicily, see HyblaMegara Hyblaea (Greek: τὰ Μέγαραand Selinunte in Sicily were specifically organized ondifferent orientations to create polycentric polycentric/poly��cen��tric/ (-sen��trik) having many centers. sites for differentcommunities. `The conference fulfilled its aim of providing the environment fora number of stimulating presentations and fruitful discussion ofapproaches and methods for studying urbanization rather than produceconclusive definitions of urbanization. The contributions reflected thebroader approaches to urbanization in the Mediterranean world throughwhich urban areas are the discussed as the product of specifichistorical and local conditions that are continuously open totransformation.' A curious aspect of recent work on state formation and urbanisationis the superficial similarity of the work of Carandini and Flannery: thefirst a classical archaeologist, the second a scientific scholar who hasworked on the `primary' civilizations of both Mesoamerica and theMiddle East. In both, the charisma and action of an individual are keyto the act of state formation. For Carandini (1997; Carandini &Cappelli 2000), it is the founder. For Flannery (1999), it is the alphamale. The key issue -- and the point of controversy -- is theinterpretation of what would be defined anthropologically asethnohistory eth��no��his��to��ry?n.The study of especially native or non-Western peoples from a combined historical and anthropological viewpoint, using written documents, oral literature, material culture, and ethnographic data. , and by Mediterranean scholars as written sources. AsDEMARRAIS puts it below, how do we integrate the emic (indigenous) viewwith etic (the archaeologists' outside view)? The complication forMediterranean Europe is that the textual sources are not alwayscontextually emic (displaced as they often are by time and space, andoften written about others) and the archaeologists are not always fullyetic (writing as Europeans about the foundations of Europe). Nascentstates are known to promote their claims to legitimization through aseries of strategies, which included the promotion of real, imagined andreconstructed, local and exotic ancestors. The key difference betweenCarandini and Flannery is that Carandini investigates one case study,that of Rome, shrouded in mythical time, whereas Flannery investigates asuite of modern ethnohistoric cases (Madagascar, the Ashanti, the Zulu)by comparison with an effectively prehistoric archaeological example. AsJAMES WHITLEY in this issue debates in his critique of the use ofancestors by archaeologists, we come back to a discussion of thevalidity of cross-cultural comparison, and by extension in the study ofstates, of how much diversity can be expected in the crossing of majorsocio-political thresholds. We have invited ELIZABETH DEMARRAIS, one of our advisory editorsand an important contributor to some of the debate (DeMarrais et al.1996) to look at the direction that state formation is developing in theAmericas. She writes: `Archaeological investigations of New World states have long beenassociated with the processual and comparative traditions of Americanarchaeology. Eco-systemic models, developing out of settlement patternsurveys, stressed features common to archaic states and showed howadministrative hierarchies, central places, and institutions ofpolitical and religious authority contributed to the integration oflarge populations under a central authority. While processual modelscontributed significantly to understanding the forms and organization ofearly states, these models have been criticized as overly static (Marcus1993; Feinman & Marcus 1998). Recent responses to this criticisminclude new research on historical dimensions of early states,undertaken in the context of comparative studies, analysis atmacro-scales, and the construction of general models. A seconddevelopment involves attention to indigenous conceptions of politicalorganization and agency as sources of insight into `socialstrategies' that -- together with `ecological strategies' --influence social reproduction and the longer-term dynamics of archaicstates (Brumfiel 1992). `In a recent edited volume devoted to archaic states (Feinman &Marcus 1998), contributions from American researchers (and a singleBritish-based contributor, John Baines) demonstrate that the comparativetradition is alive and well. The book's case studies delve into thecomplexities of local historical sequences and investigate aspects ofthe internal workings of individual states without abandoning the searchfor general patterns and insights from cross-cultural comparison. Anexample is found in Joyce Marcus' chapter, which extends herDynamic Model, developed in an earlier work on the Maya (1993), to otherregions, including the Andes, Mexico, the Aegean, Egypt and Mesopotamia.The original model drew upon detailed analysis of indigenous conceptionsof political structure from historical documents, maps produced by Mayascribes and native terms for political units. Marcus argued that thestate emerged in the Maya region when one chiefdom was able to subjugate sub��ju��gate?tr.v. sub��ju��gat��ed, sub��ju��gat��ing, sub��ju��gates1. To bring under control; conquer. See Synonyms at defeat.2. To make subservient; enslave. neighbouring polities, forming a powerful centralized state (Marcus1993: 116-17). On-going conflicts characterized interactions between thecentral authority and provincial lords, leading to breakdown of thestate into its constituent provinces, followed by subsequent cycles ofalliance-building, political consolidation and then breakdown. Findingthat this cyclical process is visible in other regions of the world,Marcus argues that perhaps much of the internal diversity documented forarchaic states may be explained as different stages in a dynamic processcommon to a range of settings worldwide (Marcus 1998). `Marcus' model depended upon access to detailed evidence forrapid shifts in political relationships among elites. Other researchershave pursued interests in political negotiation through debates aboutthe role of agency in early state dynamics (Dobres & Robb 2000).Some researchers, influenced by processual models, have argued thatagents in similar situations will share broadly similar goalscross-culturally. Efforts to explore these dynamics include studies offactional competition (Brumfiel & Fox 1994), political economy(Blanton et al. 1996; Blanton 1998) or the materialization of ideology(DeMarrais et al. 1996). Their joint aim is to identify the range ofresources -- material and social/symbolic -- that social actors deployin pursuit of their goals. Blanton (1998) has described this process interms of variation in power strategies that produce different types ofsocial formation. Blanton's recent (1998) work explores contrastsbetween consensus-building and `corporate' power strategies versuscompetitive, `exclusionary' power strategies. The former strategiesgenerate states organized along `corporate' principles, exemplifiedby Teotihuacan, whose rulers remain virtually faceless in thearchaeological record The archaeological record is a term used in archaeology to denote all archaeological evidence, including the physical remains of past human activities which archaeologists seek out and record in an attempt to analyze and reconstruct the past. . The latter strategy produces an`exclusionary' hierarchically ordered state such as Tikal with arich iconography depicting powerful rulers. Like Marcus, Blantonsuggests that the dynamic character of political interaction generatesongoing shifts between corporate and exclusionary political formationsvisible in long-term cycles in Mesoamerica. `Other researchers argue that agency is a subjective phenomenon, tobe understood only in terms of a specific culture or set of historicalcircumstances (Gero 2000; Johnson 2000). Researchers seeking betterunderstanding of the cultural backgrounds for early state formation areincreasingly discovering discrepancies between indigenous conceptions ofpolitical structure and models based solely upon archaeologicalevidence. Archaeologists interested in the Maya, Aztecs, Mixtecs orZapotecs, as well as Inka scholars, have access to varied forms ofdocumentary evidence A type of written proof that is offered at a trial to establish the existence or nonexistence of a fact that is in dispute.Letters, contracts, deeds, licenses, certificates, tickets, or other writings are documentary evidence. , including descriptions by Spaniards from the 16thand 17th centuries. For Mesoamerican scholars, additional sourcesinclude maps and other documents from native scribes, as well as elitepropaganda inscribed upon monuments, stelae and other media. Scholarshave undertaken detailed research comparing interpretations derived fromarchaeological remains with those emerging from documents. Ethnohistoricsources reveal significant variation over time, and from place to place,for example, in the use of indigenous terms to designate politicalunits. Timothy Hare's (2000) analysis of Aztec documents uncovereda strong emphasis on smaller settlements -- towns, wards, and otherrural sites -- as settings for elite-directed social and politicalinteraction. This emic view contrasts markedly with interpretationsbased upon archaeological settlement-pattern studies, in which largeurban centres figure most prominently as locations of politicalactivities. Reconciling these differences remains a major challenge forNew World scholars. `Recent research in American archaeology reveals on-going interestin comparative studies and the formulation of general models, at thesame time that archaeologists are grappling with accumulating evidencefor the great diversity and complexity of early states. Marcus'Dynamic Model represents a major advance in modelling the dynamiccharacter of political processes in the past; her work represents animportant departure from the static models generated during earlierprocessual research. At the same time, detailed knowledge derived fromethnohistoric research has posed new challenges for archaeologists, whomust reconcile disparate pictures arising from emic versus eticperspectives. Undoubtedly, on-going work on agency will help to uncovernew ways of conceptualizing the complicated relationships that linkculture, historical circumstances, political processes and the agency ofindividuals, all of which are acknowledged as significant factorsshaping the dynamics of early states.' References BLANTON, R. 1998. Beyond centralization: Steps towards a theory ofegalitarian behavior in archaic states, in Feinman & Marcus (ed.),Archaic States: 135-72. Santa Fe (NM): School of American Research. BLANTON, R., G. FEINMAN, S. KOWALEWSKI & P. PEREGRINE. 1996. Adual-processual theory for the evolution of Mesoamerican civilization Mesoamerican civilizationComplex of aboriginal cultures that developed in parts of Mexico and Central America before the Spanish conquest in the 16th century. This civilization and the Andean civilization in South America constituted a New World counterpart to those of ,Current Anthropology Current Anthropology, published by the University of Chicago Press and sponsored by the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research, is a peer-reviewed journal founded in 1959 by the anthropologist Sol Tax (1907-1995). 37: 1-14. BRUMFIEL, E. 1992. Distinguished lecture in archaeology: Breakingand entering breaking and enteringv., n. entering a residence or other enclosed property through the slightest amount of force (even pushing open a door), without authorization. If there is intent to commit a crime, this is burglary. the ecosystem -- gender, class and faction steal the show,American Anthropologist 94: 551-67. BRUMFIEL, E. & J. FOX. 1994. Factional competition andpolitical development in the New World. Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress Cambridge University Press (known colloquially as CUP) is a publisher given a Royal Charter by Henry VIII in 1534, and one of the two privileged presses (the other being Oxford University Press). . DEMARRAIS, E., L.J. CASTILLO & T. EARLE. 1996. Ideology,materialization, and power strategies, Current Anthropology 37: 15-85. DOBRES, M.-A. & J. ROBB. 2000.Agency in archaeology. London:Routledge. FEINMAN, G. & J. MARCUS (ed.). 1998. Archaic states. Santa Fe(NM): School of American Research Press. GERO, J. 2000. Troubled travels in agency and feminism, in Dobres& Robb (ed.): 34-9. HARE, T. 2000. Between the household and the empire: structuralrelationships within and among Aztec communities and polities, in M.Canuto & J. Yaeger (ed.), The archaeology of communities: a NewWorld perspective: 78-101. London: Routledge. JOHNSON, M. 2000. Self-made men and the staging of agency, inDobres & Robb (ed.), Agency in archaeology: 213-31. London:Routledge. MARCUS, J. 1993. Ancient Maya political organization, in J. Sabloff& J. Henderson (ed.), Lowland Maya civilization in the 8th centuryAD: 111-83. Washington (DC): Dumbarton Oaks Dumbarton Oaks is a 19th century Federal-style mansion with famous gardens in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington, D.C. It currently houses the Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection . 1998. The peaks and valleys of ancient states: An extension of thedynamic model, in Feinman & Marcus (ed.): 59-94. Ancestors arefavoured by state authorities, archaeologists and the general publicalike to judge from the collapse of the Public Record Office web site atthe beginning of 2002. This issue of ANTIQUITY is much frequented byancestors. We celebrate the lives of three very differentarchaeologists, PIERRE-ROLAND GIOT and PETER REYNOLDS, with a Celticaddendum to the life of RHYS JONES Several people share the name Rhys Jones: Griff Rhys Jones, British comedian Rhys Jones (archaeologist), Welsh-Australian archaeologist Rhys Jones, murdered Liverpool schoolboy Brigadier Rhys Jones, Commander Join Chief Forces New Zealand . We offer the varied and illustratedspecial section on Ancestral Archives which, as NATHAN SCHLANGERexplains, is the product in large part of a European special project.This offers a menu for everyone, the illustrated de Mortillet menusthemselves, wide geographical coverage, perceptive political comment andrecoverable scientific information from early archaeologicalexploration. The final ancestral offering, by JAMES WHITLEY, however,provides a provocative warning that we may employ the science and eventhe nostalgia of ancestors too readily, and, by wider inference, couldbe accused of becoming not only a backward looking curiosity in thematerial that we study, but in the theory that we choose to apply tothat material. To this we can counter that the use of ancestors is ananthropologically attested phenomenon both in state and non-statesocieties, as the late Art Saxe was one of the first archaeologists toillustrate. PAUL ASHBEE has kindly commented on the ancestry of ANDREWHEALD's paper on knobbed spear-butts published in December. Hewrites that this subject `is something that Gordon Childe contemplatedbut never wrote. He had mentioned them in his Prehistory prehistory,period of human evolution before writing was invented and records kept. The term was coined by Daniel Wilson in 1851. It is followed by protohistory, the period for which we have some records but must still rely largely on archaeological evidence to of Scotland(1935) and saw them as a product of a bronze technology akin to theproduction of socketed axes. T.D. Kendrick's British antiquity(1950) (VGC VGC Very Good ConditionVGC VG Cats (web comic)VGC Video Graphics ControllerVGC Vintage Glider ClubVGC Viscosity-Gravity ConstantVGC Video Game ClubVGC Video Game Central (website)was sent a copy by TDK TDK T��rk Dil Kurumu (Turkish Language Council)TDK The Dark Knights (gaming clan)TDK Tokyo Denkikagaku Kogyo KK (TDK Electronics Co. Ltd. ) had in it 16th-17th-century picturesof Ancient Britons and Picts all armed with spears that had knobbedbutts.' [In our preparation of the Celts from Antiquity volume ofreprinted ANTIQUITY papers we have noted the use of the sameillustrations by Rieckoff & Biel (2001: 33) in their new work on theCelts. Ed.] `VGC was of the view that the sources of these depictionsmust be from descriptive passages by classical writers. He rememberedreference to the knobbed spear butts in the 11th-century AD epitome ofbooks 30-end of Dio Cassius Dio Cassius(Cassius Dio Cocceianus) (dīo kăsh`əs), c.155–235?, Roman historian and administrator, b. Nicaea in Bithynia. He was a grandson of Dio Chrysostom. His rise in civil and military office was steady; he became a senator (c. by Joannes Xiphilinus. He began to assembledetails and some Irish ones were probably supplied by S.P. O Riordain.Sadly he was overtaken by various events and the paper was neverwritten.' We very much hope as editors to be able to publish morearticles that take the very best of Childe -- his detailed knowledge ofmaterial culture-- and place them in a modern theoretical context. A further ancestral mention we wish to make is to the publicationof a celebration of female academics from one college, Newnham inCambridge, a number of whom contributed to the early development ofANTIQUITY. The booklet, Pioneers of the Past (2001), is sold in aid ofthe college library, and edited by ANN HAMLIN. The concentration ofexcellence in one location is simply expressed by listing thearchaeologists with their epithets as they appear in the text: JaneHarrison (celebrated classical archaeologist: 1850-1928), GertrudeThompson (intrepid explorer of new archaeological fields: 1888-19850,Nora Chadwick (devotee and inspiring teacher of celtic studies:1891-1972), Dorothy Garrod (distinguished pioneer of the palaeolithicand of archaeology in Cambridge: 1892-1968), Winifred Lamb (devotedscholar of Mediterranean archaeology: 1894-1963), Jocelyn Toynbee(outstanding historian of Roman art and dedicated teacher: 1897-1985),Jacquetta Hawkes (notable author and communicator of archaeology(1910-1996), Joan Liversidge (dedicated teacher and contributor to Romanarchaeology: 1914-1984). The booklet can be ordered from the college. In the year 2001-2, archaeology departments have been assessed ongrounds both of teaching and of research. It is of immense credit toKing Alfred's College, Winchester, one of the smaller, lessresourced departments in the country, that they should have received thehighest possible marks in teaching (24/24). No department received fullmarks in both teaching and research, but it is again worth noting thatCambridge arid Reading received the highest research rating (5*) andonly lost one point on teaching (23/24), and Cardiff and Leicesterreceived top marks on teaching (24/24 for Leicester and Excellent forCardiff under an earlier Welsh exercise) and were awarded a 5 in theirresearch rating. Archaeologists in the UK are increasingly investigatingthe issue of teaching as well as research, as the third Lampeter seminarin archaeology, now published (Rainbird rainbirdNounS African a common name for [Burchell's coucal], a bird whose call is believed to be a sign of impending rain & Hamilakis 2001), makesclear. We are pleased to announce the winners of the ANTIQUITY QUIZ at theDublin TAG: Gabriel Cooney, Tony Brown, Robert van der Noort, AidanO'Sullivan and Annaba Kilfeather. They will receive two freesubscriptions and two copies of Celts from Antiquity. We are also pleased to announce the ANTIQUITY PRIZE winner for thebest 2001 paper, RICHARD BRADLEY'S `Orientations and origins: asymbolic dimension to the long house in Neolithic Europe' (75:50-56); runners-up, A.G. BROWN, I. MEADOWS, S.D. TURNER & D.J.MATTINGLY on Roman vineyards in Britain (75: 745-57). The CULLEN PRIZEfor the best young scholar's paper, awarded each year by Ian Gollopin honour of Ben Cullen, who died tragically young, goes to M.K. HOLST,H. BREUNING-MADSEN & M. RASMUSSEN, for `The south Scandinavianbarrows with well-preserved oak-log coffins' (75: 126-36); therunner-up is Estella Weiss Krejci on Restless corpses (75: 769-80). COLIN BURGESS has pointed out that a gremlin gremlin,in American folklore, malicious, airborne supernatural being. Gremlins were first heard of during World War II as creatures responsible for unexplainable mechanical failures and disruptions in aircraft. has introduced twolast-minute changes to his text included in the last editorial, and weapologise for change in meaning this implied. `Both are on p. 665: leftcolumn, 3 lines down -- a "w" has been added to "as"to make "was", and my point was that the profession (likeprofessional archaeologists) was just beginning to emerge. One letter,but it completely changes the sense. Right column, -17, about two thirdsof the way down, "they" has been inserted after "no morescientists than...", and this completely changes what Atkinsonwrote. The point he was making was that archaeologists and arthistorians both, are not scientists just because they use scientifictechniques.' References CARANDINI, A. 1997. La nascita di Roma. Dei, Lari, Eroi e Uominiall'alba di una civilta. Torino: Giulio Einaudi Editori. CARANDINI, A. & R. CAPPELLI (ed.). 2000. Roma. Romolo, Remo ela fondazione della citta. Milano: Electa. FLANNERY, K.V. 1999. Process and agency in early state formation,Cambridge Archaeological Journal 9(1): 3-21. GLEDHILL, J. 1988. Introduction. The comparative analysis of socialand political transitions, in J. Gledhill, B. Bender & T. Larsen(ed.), State and society: 3-21. London: Unwin & Hyman. KOHL, P.L. 1987. State formation: useful concept or idle fixe?, inT. Patterson & C.W. Gailey (ed.), Power relations and Stateformation: 27-34. Washington (DC): American Anthropological Association. MITHEN, S.J. 1996. The prehistory of the mind: a search for theorigins of art, science and religion. London: Thames & Hudson. RAINBIRD, P. & Y. HAMILAKIS. 2001. Interrogating pedagogies.Archaeology in higher education. (Lampeter Workshop in Archaeology 3).Oxford: British Archaeological Reports. International series S948. SHANKS, M. & C. TILLEY. 1987. Social theory and archaeology.Cambridge: Polity Press. ARTHUR APSIMON, a long-time research collaborator withPIERRE-ROLAND GIOT ,has kindly written an appreciation of his work. Pierre-Roland Giot born 23 September 1919, died 1 January 2002Giot's death at the turn of the year deprives us of a scholar andscientist who was the dominating figure in the development ofarchaeology in Brittany in the second half of the 20th century. His university studies, begun with a brilliant licence in sciencesin Paris, were interrupted in 1939 by conscription conscription,compulsory enrollment of personnel for service in the armed forces. Obligatory service in the armed forces has existed since ancient times in many cultures, including the samurai in Japan, warriors in the Aztec Empire, citizen militiamen in ancient into the French Army,where he served in the anti-aircraft artillery. After the defeat ofFrance in June 1940, his disarmed unit was employed on forestry work inthe Pyrenees, first building their own log cabins. After demobilization de��mo��bil��ize?tr.v. de��mo��bil��ized, de��mo��bil��iz��ing, de��mo��bil��iz��es1. To discharge from military service or use.2. To disband (troops). his first research was done for the Diploma of Etudes Superieurs inGeology at Grenoble. In 1943 he was appointed as a researcher at theCentre Nationale de Recherche re��cher��ch��?adj.1. Uncommon; rare.2. Exquisite; choice.3. Overrefined; forced.4. Pretentious; overblown. Scientifique [CNRS CNRS Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (National Center for Scientific Research, France)CNRS Centro Nacional de Referencia Para El Sida (Argentinean National Reference Center for Aids)], for which he workeduntil 1986, rising to titular tit��u��lar?adj.1. Relating to, having the nature of, or constituting a title.2. a. Existing in name only; nominal: the titular head of the family.b. Director of Research `de classeexceptionelle', and becoming an Honorary Director on retirement.Posted to Brittany, in 1943-4 he did geological mapping by day, and bynight gathered intelligence for the Resistance on German progress inbuilding the `Atlantic Wall', counting the trains carrying cobbles cob��ble?1?n.1. A cobblestone.2. Geology A rock fragment between 64 and 256 millimeters in diameter, especially one that has been naturally rounded.3. cobbles See cob coal.tr. ,sand and cement to the works in progress. At the Liberation, alone,unarmed and not without inward qualms, he disarmed and detained theleader of the ill-advised Breton separatist movement. By 1950 he had around 25 geological publications to his name, but along-standing interest in archaeology and anthropology was marked bypublications in those fields beginning already in 1944. In 1947 he wasappointed Director of the Circonscription of Prehistoric Antiquities ofRennes (later of Brittany), and following the completion of his doctoralthesis in anthropology at the University of Rennes, was appointed in1951 to set up and direct the Laboratory`Anthropologie-Prehistoire-Protohistoire et QuaternaireArmoricains' of the University of Rennes, a post he was to holduntil 1986, overseeing meanwhile the development of modernarchaeological methods in Brittany and nurturing the talents of verymany capable researchers. During these years he worked unsparingly and published abundantly;the list, complete to 1988, of his scientific publications in thecelebratory volume dedicated to him (Monnier & Langouet 1990)contains 536 items. These publications cover all branches of thearchaeology of Brittany from earliest prehistory to medieval, but thereis also a substantial series of studies of the physical anthropology ofBreton populations and his fieldwork took in study of Breton folk-music,costume and dialects. The major project of his early years in Brittany was thepetroarchaological study of groundstone axeheads from the region,modelled on that initiated by the South-West Museums group in Englandand begun in collaboration with J. Cogn6 c. 1947, which led to thediscovery and eventual excavation of the Neolithic quarry site atPlussulien in the central hilly spine of Brittany, a site comparable inimportance to Great Langdale in England but with a much wider geographicspread for its products. The work which made him internationally knownand by which he will be best remembered was that on chambered passagetombs in Brittany, in particular the three sites of L'Ile Carn,Barnenez and L'Ile Guennoc, all on the northern coast of Finistbre,the first and third on offshore islands. All were the result ofadventitious ADVENTITIOUS, adventitius. From advenio; what comes incidentally; us adventitia bona, goods that, fall to a man otherwise than by inheritance; or adventitia dos, a dowry or portion given by some other friend beside the parent. circumstances: Carn was dug in 1954 to safeguard a presumedcorbelled vault, endangered by war-time interference; at Barnenez thecomplex of 11 tombs in a huge cairn cairn,pile of stones, usually conical in shape, raised as a landmark or a memorial. In prehistoric times it was usually erected over a burial. A barrow is sometimes called a cairn. was investigated between 1955 and1968, following deliberate destruction by quarrying; and the complex oftombs on Guennoc, revealed by a sustained fire in 1953-4 and dug over 12seasons in 196072, under extremely difficult conditions, since Guennocis over I km offshore even at low tide, on the stormy northwest coast ofFinistere. The results were spectacular: at Cam an undisturbed corbelledchamber was found, charcoal from which was dated at Groningen in 1959giving a calibrated age between 4350 and 3800 BC (95% confidence),upsetting at a stroke the views of Piggott, Daniel and many others onthe dating and significance of Armorican passage tombs; at Barnenez thescale of the monument attracted a visit in September 1955 by SirMortimer Wheeler Noun 1. Sir Mortimer Wheeler - Scottish archaeologist (1890-1976)Sir Robert Eric Mortimer Wheeler, Wheeler with Glyn and Ruth Daniel, Paul Johnstone and BBCtelevision, and the results of radiocarbon dating confirmed thepioneering result from Cam; while Guennoc, though perhaps lessspectacular, corroborated the dating and confirmed and extendedknowledge of the distinctive architecture and the material remains fromArmorican passage tombs. In the confines of this note it is impossible to do more than touchon Giot's contributions in other periods and areas of study, theapplication of radiocarbon dating and scientific procedures, his work onthe archaeology of `Dark Age' Brittany, his encouragement ofstudents, among whom Jacques Briard Briard(brēärd`), breed of muscular, wiry working dog whose origins may be traced back to 12th-century France. It stands from 22 to 27 in. (55.9–68.6 cm) high at the shoulder and weighs between 70 and 80 lb (31.8–36.3 kg). , the late JeanL'Helgouac'h, ]ean-Laurent Monnier and Yves Coppens, are butfour among many illustrious names. Even in retirement he continued towork as hard as ever, his beautiful and pre-eminently practically usefuland authoritative guide, Bretagne des Megalithes (1995), is but oneexample, while his annual summaries, `Chronique de prehistoire et deprotohistoire finisteriennes ...', have prefaces fully equal tothose of ANTIQUITY (e.g. the concluding remarks in that for 1996 (Giot1997: 31-2)). Giot's achievements won wide recognition both within andoutside France; he was, inter alia [Latin, Among other things.] A phrase used in Pleading to designate that a particular statute set out therein is only a part of the statute that is relevant to the facts of the lawsuit and not the entire statute. , a Corresponding Fellow of theBritish Academy, an Honorary Fellow of the Societies of Antiquaries ofLondon and of Scotland, President in 1996-97 of the CambrianArchaeological Association and an Honorary Corresponding Member of thePrehistoric Society and the Societe Jersiaise. Half Scots, on hismother's side, he spoke a fluent if idiosyncratic id��i��o��syn��cra��sy?n. pl. id��i��o��syn��cra��sies1. A structural or behavioral characteristic peculiar to an individual or group.2. A physiological or temperamental peculiarity.3. English, hiscramped apartment in Rennes home to a bookcase full of classic Englishliterature, as well as all the archaeological books you have ever wantedto buy, and the armchair once belonging to Fouche, reputedly re��put��ed?adj.Generally supposed to be such. See Synonyms at supposed.re��puted��ly adv.Adv. 1. thefavourite seat of Napoleon Bonaparte on his visits to that wilyindividual. Papers and reviews in ANTIQUITY and P.P.S., as well asreviews of English-language works, some extremely trenchant, in Frenchperiodicals, span his career from 1951 onwards. Personally he was shy, dryly humorous, inclined to taciturnity TaciturnityBarkiswarmhearted but taciturn husband of Peggoty. [Br. ,sometimes agitated ag��i��tate?v. ag��i��tat��ed, ag��i��tat��ing, ag��i��tatesv.tr.1. To cause to move with violence or sudden force.2. , brusque brusquealso brusk ?adj.Abrupt and curt in manner or speech; discourteously blunt. See Synonyms at gruff.[French, lively, fierce, from Italian brusco, coarse, rough , dismissive, but everlastingly kind andgenerous to his many collaborators, students, friends and children offriends. Yvan Onnee, his longtime colleague, writes: `La mort de Giot aete pour nous une grosse perte en tant qu'archeologue visionnairecar il etait toujours parmi nous par ses ecrits at aussi, sesdiscussions tres pertinentes sur la penske et la theorie des nouvellesformes que prend l'archeologie actuelle, sur la remise remisev. to give up something, sometimes used in quit-claim deeds. REMISE. A French word which literally means a surrendering or returning a debt or duty. 2. en questiondes jeunes chercheurs sur le passe pas��s��?adj.1. No longer current or in fashion; out-of-date.2. Past the prime; faded or aged.[French, past participle of passer, to pass, from Old French; see , en particulier l'anthropologiesociale et l'archeologie. In Rennes in April 2001 when he came out to lunch with us andfriends, he was lively, even `chipper', delighted to show a cornerof old Rennes, to pass on a copy of work in progress. Sadly, he haddeteriorated physically in recent months, so that his sudden death,which was a reprise re��prise?n.1. Musica. A repetition of a phrase or verse.b. A return to an original theme.2. A recurrence or resumption of an action.tr.v. of a close call at the beginning of the year, mayhave come as a mercy to him. His ashes were scattered by friends on thewaters off Guennoc: `... elle rut le lieu de bien des experiences, ledepart de quelques vocations, tout comme elle est restee pleine desouvenirs au milieu des brumes humides du crepuscule celtique. Pourbeaucoup beau��coup? also boo��coo or boo��koo Chiefly Southern U.S.adj.Many; much: beaucoup money.n. pl. d'entre nous L'Ile Guennoc fut quelque temps lamaterialisation ireelle de la terre de l'immortelle jeunesse, TirNa nog.' (Giot 1987: 5). We miss him. References GIOT, P.-R. 1987. Barnenez Cam Guennoc. Rennes: Travaux duLaboratoire `Anthropologie-Prehistoire-Protohistoire et QuaternaireArmoricains -- Rennes'. 1995. Bretagne des Megalithes. Rennes: Editions Ouest-France. 1997. Chronique de prehistoire et de protohistoire finisterienneset des archeosciences pour 1996, Bulletin de la Societe archeologique duFinistere 126: 11-32. MONNA, J.-L. & L. LANGOUET (ed.). 1990. La Bretagne etL'Europe Prehistoriques. Memoire en hommage a Pierre-Roland Giot.Rennes: Revue Archeologique de l'Ouest. Supplement 2 (1990). MARTIN JONES, one of the participants in a celebration of the lifeof PETER REYNOLDS on 27 October 2001, writes of his important andunusual contribution to British archaeology. He was one of a number ofpeople who inspired the editor as a Hampshire schoolboy to take uparchaeology. Those who wish to make a contribution to safeguard his workin experimental archaeology may send donations (cheques made payable toThe Friends of Butser Ancient Farm Butser Ancient Farm, near Petersfield in Hampshire, England, is a working replica of an Iron Age farmstead where long-term experiments in prehistoric and Roman agriculture, animal husbandry and manufacturing are held to test ideas posited by archaeologists. ) to the following address: DavidAndrews, Hon. Treasurer, Friends of Butser Ancient Farm, c/o 25 RichmondRoad, Gosport Gosport(gŏs`pôrt), city (1991 pop. 69,664) and district, Hampshire, S England. The city is a major port and shares its harbor with Portsmouth. There are ship- and yacht-building facilities and various light industries. P012 30J. The website of the project is atwww.butser.org.uk Dr Peter J. Reynolds born 6 November 1939, died 26 September 2001With the untimely death of Peter Reynolds at the age of 61, archaeologyhas lost a colourful and inspiring colleague. For three decades, Petertook a leading position in experimental archaeology, initially at BredonHill in the Cotswolds, and then from 1972 onwards at the internationallyrenowned Butser Hill Ancient Farm in Hampshire. His archaeologicalcareer grew from a restlessness experienced while classics master atPrince Henry's Grammar School at Evesham. While his passion forclassical texts stayed with him throughout his life, he was anxious toget his hands and feet dirty and wrestle with the very basic questionsof what life was like in the past. Experimental archaeology allowed himto do so with an enthusiasm that infected a very large number of people,amateurs and professionals alike. The Council for British Archaeology The Council for British Archaeology is a British organisation based in York that promotes archaeology within the United Kingdom. Since 1944 the Council has been involved in publicising and generating public support for British archaeology; formulating and disseminating instigated the Butser Hill Farmproject at a time when experimental archaeology was beginning to takeshape. A small number of reconstructions, for example at the Danish siteof Lejre, and a series of one-off re-enactments are charted in JohnColes' book, Experimental archaeology, but it was yet unclear howbest to test the feasibility of theoretical ideas about prehistoricstructures. Peter was asked in 1972 to lead the Butser project andquickly gave the field of experimental archaeology its shape. Hebelieved that a finely detailed holistic reconstruction was theappropriate route, at every stage questioning and testing the premisesthat informed each component of the model. With this in mind, hetransformed a spur of the Hampshire Chalklands into an `Iron Agefarm'. At its centre was a thatched wattle-and-daub roundhouse.Round about lay a series of `Celtic fields' growing near-extinctcereal species, paddocks with Soay sheep, long-legged Dexter cattle and,for a short while, the unruly progeny of a wild boar and a Tamworth sow,the only living things whose stubborn determination surpassedPeter's own. Their abandoned pigsties were the only part of theremarkable scene that did not contribute to the entirely plausible viewof a living Iron Age landscape. Indeed, one of the most immediate and enduring contributions ofPeter's work has been to the way in which the prehistoric landscapeis envisioned. Prior to the Butser project, the circular gullies andpost rings of the British Iron Age In the British Isles, the Iron Age lasted from about the 7th century BC until the Roman conquest and until the 5th century in non-Romanised parts. This period is also called the era of Celtic Britain<ref name=>Celtic Britain (The Iron Age) c. were typically interpreted by loosereference to ethnographic parallels from quite different regions,drawing on a motley array of structures that also happened to becircular, be they from North America, sub-Saharan Africa, or wherever.Peter's reconstructions had to be achievable from natural resourcesavailable in prehistoric Britain, and able to sustain the wind, rain andfrost of these northern islands. Soon after the reconstruction of thefirst roundhouse, our image of prehistoric dwellings changed, and one orother of the Butser buildings continues to be the starting-point of anyvisualization of British prehistory. A central theme of Peter's experimental work was constantinterplay with the archaeological record. He instigated siltingexperiments within his field ditches, recorded the evolution of driptrenches around his houses, and performed repeated experiments on thestorage of cereal grain in underground pits, the subject of his Ph.Dthesis. His experiments demonstrated how this critical form of storagecould actually work. His hypothesis, based on the idea of partialgermination germination,in a seed, process by which the plant embryo within the seed resumes growth after a period of dormancy and the seedling emerges. The length of dormancy varies; the seed of some plants (e.g. of the stored grain, was subsequently supported by mymicroanalysis of a burnt-out storage pit from the hillfort at Danebury.In the 1970s, Butser was one of the very few places known to be growingsignificant quantities of non-modern cereals, such as spelt speltSubspecies (Triticum aestivum spelta) of wheat that has lax spikes and spikelets containing two light-red kernels. Triticum dicoccon was cultivated by the ancient Babylonians and the ancient Swiss lake dwellers; it is now grown for livestock forage and used in baked and emmerwheat. Since the 1980s, the organic food industry has adopted them, andtheir survival has been recorded in a number of traditional farmingregions. However, the early Butser harvests provided some novel andunique insights into a range of forgotten crops, in particular that theyield capacity of prehistoric cereals was surprisingly high. Thewidespread assumption that yield capacity was a major constraint to theproductivity of prehistoric communities was ill founded. An engaging speaker, Peter was always happy with an audience, andhe travelled tirelessly as one of archaeology's most popular guestlecturers, both in Britain and throughout the world. He was familiarwith a range of establishment venues, though these were possibly not hisfavourite environs. He was at his best in the lively and spontaneousdebates in which he might engage in a pub with colleagues and students,in the field on the Turkish study tours he led, or beneath the raftersof one of his round houses. The Butser Ancient Farm Project has so far had a varied andsometimes turbulent 30-year life, successively moving between threesites and teetering on a range of financial tightropes. The ups anddowns ups and downs?pl.n.Alternating periods of good and bad fortune or spirits.ups and downsNoun, plalternating periods of good and bad luck or high and low spirits never visibly dampened Peter's enthusiasm for theproject's future, and belief in what could be achieved. I wellremember being invited, along with all the principal figures of Europeanarchaeobotany, to an international conference at the newly establishedNexus House. On our arrival we found our venue to be a small abandonedroadside cafe that Peter had acquired. Our enthusiastic host invited agroup of mildly surprised East European professors to help nail boardsto the skylights in order that we might show slides. The impact ofPeter's indomitable in��dom��i��ta��ble?adj.Incapable of being overcome, subdued, or vanquished; unconquerable.[Late Latin indomit spirit has been widespread. A recent meeting tolook towards the Butser Project's future after Peter's deathincluded several professors of archaeology, independent archaeologists,members of English Heritage and of the media, upon all of whomPeter's life work had made a considerable mark. He will be sorelymissed, but each time an archaeologist uncovers a circle of posts, stonefootings or ring ditch, and speculates upon lives once lived withinthem, his ideas will be brought back to life. Professor VINCENT 1VIEGAW, for some 40 years friend and colleagueof Emeritus Professor RHYS JONES, whose death on 19 September 2001 wereported in our last issue, adds what he terms: Further reminiscences of a back-looking curiosity It is hardly surprising that the life of one who, unlike theAboriginal artist, Albert Namatjira, was not a `wanderer between twoworlds' but rather a voyager between many worlds should alreadyhave been memorialized so frequently. Obituaries have appeared not onlyin London in the pages of The Times and Independent but also in theWelsh-based Western Mail, not to mention the Bungendore Bulletin, whoseeditor, Dougal Macdonald, has written a touching memorial of Rhys. Overthe years, together with his wife and co-researcher, Betty Meehan, Rhyshad become a local figure-head, drinking companion and font of muchcurious knowledge about this little New South Wales New South Wales,state (1991 pop. 5,164,549), 309,443 sq mi (801,457 sq km), SE Australia. It is bounded on the E by the Pacific Ocean. Sydney is the capital. The other principal urban centers are Newcastle, Wagga Wagga, Lismore, Wollongong, and Broken Hill. town. One is used today to images of Rhys Jones, Australia's answerto Indiana Jones, Akubra hat, beard, braces over a respectably enhancedbelly. But that was only one image; as I saw him first, shortback-and-sides, fresh-faced and slim, with hindsight he looked everyinch the Welsh-speaking schoolboy, attending Whitchurch Grammar Schoolnear Cardiff. Close by was Barry Boys County School, whose own starpupil was another Welsh speaker, Glyn Daniel, later to be DisneyProfessor of Archaeology The Disney Professorship of Archaeology, also known as the Disney Chair is a professorship in the University of Cambridge. It was endowed with a donation of ��1,000 by John Disney in 1851, followed by a further ��3,500 in a bequest at his death. at the University of Cambridge. Brought up in aWelsh-speaking family in Blaenau Ffestiniog in north Wales, Rhys movedsouth with his teacher mother, the incomparable Enid Watkin Jones, andhis sister Non. In the Glamorgan Vales Welsh was not so common, but oneof the other two native speakers in Rhys' new school was his secondcousin Rhodri Morgan, now First Minister of the Welsh Assembly. In 1957Rhys submitted an essay for the Trevelyan Scholarship based on hisexcavating more or less single-handedly a Bronze Age barrow atSant-y-Nyll. He was successful, his assessors being Glyn Daniel andRichard Atkinson, the Foundation Professor of Archaeology at what wasthen University College, Cardiff. My own first sight of Rhys was in the Royal National Park south ofSydney in August 1963 -- recently devastated by bush-fires. He had beenwelcomed off the `plane which had brought him from Britain as a 10[pounds sterling] migrant by Richard Wright, another Cambridge graduateand Rhys' new colleague at Sydney University. The choice offeredwas simple -- back to Fivedock to sleep off the flight or to visit hisfirst Australian excavation. There was no contest -- Curracurrang Coveit was. I have emphasized the Welsh connection since it was his Welshnesswhich meant so much to Rhys. I never heard him use that problematic word`multicultural' but it seems to me that Rhys' intense concernfor what he regarded as the real indigenous culture of Australia The modern culture of Australia is a Western culture and draws from many sources, primarily from the Anglo-Celtic cultures, but also from Aboriginal cultures, the multi-ethnic immigration associated with the Australian gold rushes of the 1850s, and post-World War II immigrants from sateasily with his own concern for the history and culture of his homeland,the culture of those he termed `the British Aborigines'. It is noaccident that, while Rhys' first archaeological publication was inANYTIQUITY for 1964 -- then edited by his teacher Glyn Daniel -- hissecond, on who were the Tasmanians, appeared in Welsh in the followingyear in the University of Wales' popular science journal YGwyddonydd. Tasmania was soon to become Rhys' Other Island, thefocal point focal pointn.See focus. of his research culminating in his Ph.D, awarded by theSydney University in 1972. There was always a popular and popularizing side to Rhys; a naturalstory-teller and brilliant lecturer who offered evidence, if evidencewas needed, that lecturing is a performance art. Once more the link withGlyn Daniel presents itself. There are those who have said -- as wassaid of the Disney Professor -- that there was too little of realsubstance in Rhys' more than 200 publications, that we stillawaited the Great Book. Jealousy gets one nowhere, but it is true thatRhys was interviewed in 1979 for not one, but two articles on earlyAustralian prehistory which appeared in Australian Playboy. Throughouthis working life, Rhys demonstrated that for the past to retain anyrelevance in the present it was necessary to excite the minds -- andpockets -- of publicans as well as politicians, ace footballers as wellas academics. A not infrequent face on television and an even morefrequent voice on radio, it was only natural that Rhys should have beenasked in 1978 by the late Tom Hayden to cooperate in a film called Thelast Tasmanian: A story of genocide, a film whose central character wasTruganini, whose death in 1876 was regarded at the time as marking thepassing of the last of her race. For this the makers of the film were atone and the same time seen as denying emergent Tasmanian Aboriginalactivists their land rights and as having made a radical attempt tobring all Tasmanians, not just Aboriginal Tasmanians, face to face withtheir past. This was not the only occasion when Rhys, a fierce fighterfor the rights of minority groups, found himself at odds with the verypeople which his work did so much to support. Particularly in recent years, Rhys had many honours bestowed uponhim, notably, but not exclusively, in Australia and in Wales. Hisappointment as Professor of Australian Studies at Harvard in 1995-96 wasmatched most recently by two honorary appointments at the University ofWales Affiliated institutionsCardiff University Cardiff was once a full member of the University but has now left (though it retains some ties). When Cardiff left, it merged with the University of Wales College of Medicine (which was also a former member). , a Visiting Fellowship at Lampeter and a Visiting Professorship atNewport College. Fellowship of the Society of Antiquaries of London The Society of Antiquaries of London (SAL) is a learned society, based in the United Kingdom, concerned with "the encouragement, advancement and furtherance of the study and knowledge of the antiquities and history of this and other countries". wasvalued by Rhys no less than Fellowship of the Australian Academy of theHumanities while his Presidency of the Welsh Abroad was onlyovershadowed by his investiture investiture,in feudalism, ceremony by which an overlord transferred a fief to a vassal or by which, in ecclesiastical law, an elected cleric received the pastoral ring and staff (the symbols of spiritual office) signifying the transfer of the office. in 1983 with the Gwisg Wen, the WhiteRobe of the Gorsedd of the National Eisteddfod eisteddfod(īstĕth`vəd, –vôd)[Welsh,=session], Welsh competitive festival. Contests traditionally are held in all the arts and crafts, with special emphasis on music and poetry. of Wales. Despite clearproof that Rhys was always at the cutting edge of his profession, therewas after all more than a little of the antiquarian an��ti��quar��i��an?n.One who studies, collects, or deals in antiquities.adj.1. Of or relating to antiquarians or to the study or collecting of antiquities.2. Dealing in or having to do with old or rare books. in him, a love ofbooks, of the study of old collections, the poring-over of manuscriptsin libraries across the Western world and beyond. Glyn Daniel, in hisinaugural lecture of 1976, borrowed a phrase from the 16th-17th-centuryantiquary an��ti��quar��y?n. pl. an��ti��quar��iesAn antiquarian.[Latin antqu , William Camden, when he referred to `a back-lookingcuriositie', and this indeed was what drove Rhys forward into thepast. One thinks of his brilliant but little-known study of contemporaryviews of Indigenous Australians as recorded in 1801-03 by Nicolas Baudinand his companions on the Geographe and Naturaliste. But one may be surethat Rhys gained almost as much pleasure from his discovery on a visitback to Llantrisant, where he and Betty had established a Welsh homefollowing the death of his mother. Here, in the Wheatsheaf Inn, he founda `wanted' poster for Michael Dwyer, prominent member of the IRAand father of the first publican publican[Lat.,=state employee], in ancient Rome, man who was employed by the state government under contract. As early as c.200 B.C. there was a class of men in Rome accustomed to undertaking contracts involving public works and tax collecting; the tax collectors of Bungendore. A final, and of necessity, sad memory -- no, two memories. Rhysshared with me what, driven by some sort of avoidance syndrome, Iflippantly flip��pant?adj.1. Marked by disrespectful levity or casualness; pert.2. Archaic Talkative; voluble.[Probably from flip. call `Membership of the Big C Club'. We both sufferedfrom cancer and both had to face the reality that, while archaeologymight be regarded as the ever-enduring study of humankind, ever-enduringwe would certainly not be. In 1992, as I lay in my hospital bedrecuperating from major surgery, Rhys, en route for the Nullarbor Plain-- a mere 1500 km drive away -- brought me a whole bottle of Russianvodka. Much of this we downed on the spot, so convinced was Rhys thatthis would be our last drink together. In June last year, during whatwas to be his penultimate public engagement, the dinner given in hishonour in University House at the Australian National University, Ipublicly reminded Rhys, who had just been appointed Professor Emeritus,of the vodka incident. I remarked `It hadn't been our last drinktogether, it wasn't and we are both still here and both stilldrinking'. I was right, of course, but only just. Ffarwell fy hen gyfaill! Note There are two published sources currently available for theintending biographer of Rhys Maengwyn Jones. First is the record of apublic interview given at Flinders University in October 1999 and secondare several of the contributions to his Festschrift fest��schrift?n. pl. fest��schrif��ten or fest��schriftsA volume of learned articles or essays by colleagues and admirers, serving as a tribute or memorial especially to a scholar. , presented to Rhysin Canberra on 28 June 2001: JONES, R. & V. MEGAW. 2000. Confessions of a wild colonial boy,Australian Archaeology 50: 12-26. ANDERSON, A., I. LILLEY & S. O'CONNOR (ed.). 2001.Histories of old ages: Essays in Honour of Rhys Jones. Canberra:Pandanus Books, The Australian National University.