Editorial.

Editorial. In recent weeks it has been difficult to escape the outcry againstthe Afghan Taliban for their destruction of the artefacts of anotherculture and tradition. Tolerance of diversity has always been theposition of this journal and we share the profound rage at such forms ofextremism that destroy the valued legacy of other cultures. We deplore de��plore?tr.v. de��plored, de��plor��ing, de��plores1. To feel or express strong disapproval of; condemn: "Somehow we had to master events, not simply deplore them"the loss of the Great Buddha Great Buddha or Giant Buddha may refer to the Leshan Giant Buddha in China the Tian Tan Buddha in Ngong Ping, Lantau Island, in Hong Kong. Daibutsu, the Great Buddha at Kōtoku-in, Kamakura, Kanagawa the Great Buddha at Tōdai-ji, Nara, Japan statues at Bamiyan (see FIGURE 1), symbolsof the the astonishing and hugely important international character ofAfghanistan, the crossroads of Asia in ancient times. With thesesculptures it is likely that a great quantity of smaller images, keptmostly in the Kabul Museum and elsewhere, and already terribly damaged,were also destroyed (FIGURE 2). ANTIQUITY has taken care to report andcondemn destruction of antiquity where and when it has taken place (e.g.Chapman 1994). [ILLUSTRATIONS OMITTED] At another level, iconoclasm iconoclasm(īkŏn`ōklăzəm)[Gr.,=image breaking], opposition to the religious use of images. Veneration of pictures and statues symbolizing sacred figures, Christian doctrine, and biblical events was an early feature of Christian has always existed, and it is the fateof most material manifestations of art that they will rarely survive.Iconoclasm is not just a product of the extreme versions of modernreligions but of many dominant cultures and cultural practices of thepast. The most famous case is the Byzantine destruction of images,whence the term iconoclasm derives. And it is often in the destructionof human identity, often linked to the human person, and by extension tofigurative material culture, that such activity has been most energetic.In Britain, our own religious statuary stat��u��ar��y?n. pl. stat��u��ar��ies1. Statues considered as a group.2. The art of making statues.3. A sculptor.adj.Of, relating to, or suitable for a statue. has suffered under the hands ofReformation and Cromwellian forces. Great cathedrals such as Ely, closeto our editorial offices, are mere scaffolding, albeit beautifulscaffolding, that once displayed icons which suffered a Taliban fate.How many ancient statues still carry intact the face of the originalperson? How many heads of classical statues are still in place on theiroriginal body? Belgiorno (2000:49) writes that `It is true that theVatican collections were increased during the Renaissance period, but itis also undeniable that most of the marble used in architecture,sculpture and decoration of ancient buildings of the Roman period wasdestroyed during the rule of [Pope] Sisto V and re-used in buildingmaterial. During all the centuries of papacy government most of theancient marbles and sculpture found all over Rome perished in thefurnace to make lime and produce plaster.' Was not the same fateunder way for the Elgin Marbles Elgin Marbles(ĕl`gĭn), ancient sculptures taken from Athens to England in 1806 by Thomas Bruce, 7th earl of Elgin; other fragments exist in several European museums. on the Parthenon of Athens two centuriesago, before their contentious removal to the British Museum British Museum,the national repository in London for treasures in science and art. Located in the Bloomsbury section of the city, it has departments of antiquities, prints and drawings, coins and medals, and ethnography. ? Much has been written in theoretical archaeology about societiesdeploying the past to current ends -- e.g. the concepts of Time Regainedand Hero Worship hero worshipn.Intense or excessive admiration for a hero or a person regarded as a hero.hero worshipNounadmiration for heroes or idealized peopleNoun 1. -- but the concepts are not perhaps developed enoughinto the fact that the extreme deployment of the past is its negation.Only a small sample of the past survives the process of conscious andunconscious destruction. Such destruction is a frequent accompaniment ofstate-organized societies, but recent work we have personally undertakenin Neolithic Malta suggests that deliberate destruction of earlier humanimages also took place in less hierarchical societies in the 4th-3rdmillennia BC. However, our small figurine, smashed over the burials itonce guarded, is insignificant in comparison to the tragedy of Easterweek In the Anglican and other Latin-rite churches, Easter Week is the week beginning with the Christian feast of Easter and ending a week later on Easter Saturday. In Eastern Orthodoxy, this week is known as Bright Week. this year. We hear, in horror, of the deliberate vandalism at theWorld Heritage site of Mnajdra, one of the most fabulous prehistorictemples of Malta. It seems that some 60 stones and megaliths of thetemple were dislodged by local vandals, possibly bird trappers who hadbeen ordered to remove illegal hunting hides from the immediate area.Whatever the motive, the appalling damage to the temple is all the moretragic because it is utterly mindless in the context of a sophisticatedplace like Malta. However, the motive factor behind iconoclasm is alwaysincomprehensible to those outside the immediate sphere of experience. Wecan condemn the extremists of the present more effectively if werecognize that our own past contains such destructions, and thatsensitivity to the value of both our own past and that of other cultureshas only slowly emerged in our society. Under the new spirit proclaimedby UNESCO UNESCO:see United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. UNESCOin full United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization all creative human endeavour has value. Another human endeavour has been the progressive breeding of farmanimals into the many diverse and splendid breeds that characterizesettled domestic life. Perhaps even more tragic than the destruction ofbuilt structures is the current systematic destruction of fine andancient animal breeds as a result of the current outbreak offoot-and-mouth disease foot-and-mouth disease,highly contagious disease almost exclusive to cattle, sheep, swine, goats, and other cloven-hoofed animals. It is caused by a virus that was identified in 1897. in Britain. Government policy is to cull cullthe act of culling. Called also cast. all theinfected animals and their neighbours. However, in the 2 million+animals already culled are breeds so close to extinction that their fateis now sealed. We deplore this tragic loss of farming history and itsvital loss to the future diversity of farm stock that have their originsin breeds dating from the Neolithic. A distinctly archaeological iconoclasm is non-publication offieldwork. As all archaeologists know, excavation and survey aredestruction and are only preserved by record, a record that only theoriginal fieldworkers can present effectively. We write this editorialin the midst Adv. 1. in the midst - the middle or central part or point; "in the midst of the forest"; "could he walk out in the midst of his piece?"midmost of the Mediterranean sea Mediterranean Sea[Lat.,=in the midst of lands], the world's largest inland sea, c.965,000 sq mi (2,499,350 sq km), surrounded by Europe, Asia, and Africa.GeographyThe Mediterranean is c.2,400 mi (3,900 km) long with a maximum width of c. , returning from a post-excavationseason on the island of Sicily where we have taken steps to ensure thatour fieldwork is presented to the wider world, starting with a website<www.arch.cam.ac.uk/TROINA/>. Indeed we are spending the next 18months ensuring that our personal record is clear. This 20-hour ferryjourney has also given us time to read the proceedings of a recentconference on the problem in the Mediterranean (Hadjisavvas &Karageorghis 2000), in the light of forceful comments sent to us on thesame conference by John Boardman For the classical archaeologist, see John Boardman (archaeologist).John Boardman (born September 8, 1932) is one of the most famous figures in the game of Diplomacy, having established the original play-by-mail setup and also the system of . The conference editors stated `the aimof the conference was to examine all the problems involved: financial,administrative and psychological and to suggest possible remedies orsolutions'. An original part of the organization of the conferencewas that it was not simply another cry of grief by archaeologists, butwas attended by government officials, administrators and funding bodieswho have the power to reverse the trend. The conference concluded with aresolution to forbid the award of permits to all those who fail topublish. An unfortunate part of the psychology of publication ofarchaeological fieldwork prominent in the Mediterranean is illustratedby an example in the introduction by Karageorghis (2000: 3). A Mycenaeantomb was discovered on the island of Salamis Salamis, ancient city, CyprusSalamis(săl`əmĭs), ancient city on Cyprus, once the principal city. St. Paul visited it on his first missionary journey (Acts 13.5). in the 1950s. Whenpreparing his dissertation, Karageorghis asked the excavator ex��ca��va��torn.An instrument, such as a sharp spoon or curette, used in scraping out pathological tissue.excavator (eks´k if he couldsee a particular vase from the tomb. The excavator replied thatKarageorghis could wait until he read the publication shortly. Fiftyyears later the excavator is dead and the tomb group still unpublished.The same theme is echoed by Belgiorno (2000: 48) in her discussion ofthe situation in Italy: `the superintendent in charge inherits the rightto publish ... and in the interest of his own further publications keepsthe door of the storeroom closed. [This] ... has resulted in the factthat 80% of all Italian archaeological material is unpublished'.These examples can be repeated many times in the personal experience ofall, although especially Mediterranean, archaeologists. A commonheritage is considered by some a personal possession. John Boardman alsocomments: `A museum display is more and less than a book. For scholarlyaccess to the reserves that are the inevitable stock of any museum manylogistic problems may intervene; what should never intervene is a formof possessiveness which, when exercised by curators, amounts to a claimof droit du seigneur droit du seign��eur?n.The supposed right of a feudal lord to have sexual relations with a vassal's bride on her wedding night.[French : droit, right + du, of the + over objects in care'. The situation seems little better in Egypt where, despite theSupreme Council for Antiquities' policy of non-renewal of permitsif publication is not forthcoming, there are many examples ofnon-compliance. Among the more regrettable is the on-going lack ofpublication of the work by the American team at Abydos. Although someaspects of their work, extending over several decades, have appeared inprint, substantial parts remain completely unpublished. There are, ofcourse, many more instances of this `iconoclasm'. As editors, might we suggest a moratorium on exclusive rights after-- say -- 10 years? If the original excavator has not commencedpublication within 10 years of completing fieldwork, then it is unlikelythey ever will! The sociology of fieldwork publication is also important (Mazar2000: 26). Fieldwork takes place in the dynamic context of aninteracting team. Publication often falls on the shoulders of a smallernumber of individuals who are under pressure to produce rapid ratherthan long-term results. `Enthusiastic young dig directors becomeinvolved over the years in various teaching obligations, academicadministration, editorial work and other commitments, which causeendless delays in the preparation of their excavation reports'. Theconsequence is the enforced detachment of the original excavator.Editorial support for the administratively burdened excavator isdifficult to find. The unrecognized value of editorial work is a pointstressed by the director of the British School at Athens The British School at Athens (BSA) (Greek: Βρετανική Σχολή Αθηνών) is one of the 17 Foreign Archaeological Institutes in Athens, Greece. (Blackman 2000:64); he quite rightly points out that little value is given to editorialwork by British universities or by the Research Assessment Exercisewhich is now, once again, upon us. A key issue is constituted by what is publication? The publicationstandards of one generation will not satisfy the next. The test of timeis whether archaeologists return to analyse a particular site, StarCarr Star Carr is a Mesolithic archaeological site in Yorkshire in the United Kingdom. It is around five miles south of Scarborough.It belongs to the early Mesolithic Maglemosian culture, evidence for which is present across the lowlands of Northern Europe, and was occupied , Glastonbury Lake Village, Pompeii or Myrtos, via its originalpublication. Traditional methods of publication are expensive andtechnological solutions are available for cheaper, quicker and moreeffective dissemination of results. Microfiche Pronounced "micro-feesh." A 4x6" sheet of film that holds several hundred miniaturized document pages. See micrographics. had a phase of popularitythat is now surpassed by the Internet. The difference is that microfichehas a conservation quality which, although not yet as well-tested aspaper, is not so dependent on refreshment and maintenance as are themany web sites now proliferating. Even now a search of the web, using afriendly engine, produces unlocatable sites, only realized a year or twoago. The Internet certainly has immediacy, but does it have continuityof record? The Archaeology Data Services (ADS) already has horrorstories of the delivery of unindexed discs from a defunct archaeologicalagency, delivered to their door for storage and processing. Fortunately some government-funded agencies in the United Kingdomare conscious of these issues. ADS is ready to give advice and it is tobe hoped that the Arts and Humanities Research Board (AHRB AHRB Arts and Humanities Research Board ) will directmoney towards supporting archaeological publication. Historical archivescan be analysed in some future century. Archaeological archives need tobe created and published now to prevent the annihilation of information.There is a mass of recently excavated data that languishes in box filesand finds boxes in Archaeological Units, having been very partiallydisseminated to the Developer who funded the work, and with no more thana precis in the local Sites and Monuments Record. But this is adifferent and difficult problem compared with the results of researchexcavation. If the money for adequate support of publication isforthcoming to ensure that scholarly work is written and published, thensanctions can be applied to those who do not publish. As Boardman putsit: `Publication of the material from old excavations needs to beregarded as a higher priority for funds and scholarly time than thebreaking of new ground. It is arguably more rewarding for any student ormature scholar than the gamble of excavation'. Certainly thesuccess for the backlog publication programme overseen by the governmentQUANGOs(*) of the British Isles British Isles:see Great Britain; Ireland. over the last decade or two is evidencefor this. The monumental publication on Stonehenge archives (Cleal etal. 1995) and the admirable reports by Cardiff University Cardiff University (Welsh: Prifysgol Caerdydd) is a leading university located in the Cathays Park area of Cardiff, Wales. It received its Royal charter in 1883 and is a member of the Russell Group of Universities. It has an annual turnover of ��315 million. of RichardAtkinson's excavations on Wayland's Smithy and Silbury Hill Silbury Hill (grid reference SU100685), part of the complex of Neolithic monuments around Avebury in the English county of Wiltshire (which includes the West Kennet Long Barrow), is the tallest prehistoric man-made mound in Europe[1] and one of the world's largest. (Whittle 1991; 1997), to name just prehistoric examples, demonstrate theimportance of investing appropriate support in abandoned projects andtheir records. An external observer might suggest that the solution is to ceaseexcavation completely until all publication is completed. However thissolution would also be destructive, because of the continuing threat tosites and landscapes that need recording. Archaeological evidence wouldthus remain completely unrecorded, and an archaeological tradition ofthe skills (and indeed pleasures and stimulus) of fieldwork would not behanded on to the next generation. What is required is an addition to thetradition of good fieldwork: the tradition of regular publication. Whatis so evidently lacking (and we see this from the Editor'sviewpoint) is the skill and literary relish that should mark out thearchaeological writers and publishers of our discipline. Too fewarchaeologists can write well, and too few can communicate reallyeffectively. Instead, there is the desire to write overly detailed,technically dense and theoretically obscure text that communicates onlywith a small and initiated peer-group. When this trend envelops anentire archaeological report, it is little wonder that publishers,funding bodies and others are not enthusiastic to support it. Teachersof archaeology need to promote the skills of writing, as well asknowledge and debate, if the future generations of archaeological reportwriters are to be more successful than those of the past or present! An institution with a good record for publication (albeit with someinevitable exceptions) is the British School at Rome The British School at Rome was established in 1901 and granted a Royal Charter in 1912 as an educational institute culminating the study of awarded British scholars in the fields of archaeology, literature, music, and history of Rome and Italy of every period, and for the study of , which celebratesits 100th anniversary this year. When lapses in publication haveoccurred, succeeding directors have taken trouble to repair the recordof their predecessors. The record of good publication, mainly ofobservations of surface remains (excavation was not then permitted bynon-Italian nationals) was started by Thomas Ashby, the first director.His great legacy is recorded in a biography by another director (Hodges2000). One of the greatest tributes to yet another director,Ward-Perkins, is that the survey of southeast Etruria promoted by him isnow being reworked into a second-stage publication under the aegis ofthe Tiber Valley project The British School at Rome’s Tiber Valley Project studies the changing landscapes of the middle Tiber Valley as the hinterland of Rome through two millennia. It draws on the vast amount of archaeological work carried out in this area to examine the impact of the growth, (Patterson et al. 2000). We can thus add alandscape to the list of published sites (Star Carr, Glastonbury,Pompeii, Myrtos) mentioned above. Another dimension of archaeological iconoclasm is that offalsification falsification/fal��si��fi��ca��tion/ (fawl?si-fi-ka��shun) lying.retrospective falsification? unconscious distortion of past experiences to conform to present emotional needs. , and it was one that Glyn Daniel used to relish in thepast with his Editorial diversions into the dramas of Glozel. We do notrefer to the forgery of any seals which is the subject of one articlepublished in this issue (ROGER G. JOHNSTON et al., pp. 299-305)!Archaeologists are under pressure to produce sensational results in muchthe same notorious way that policemen are under pressure to produceconvictions. In both cases, false evidence can sometimes be produced tosatisfy expectations. We personally remember meeting a brilliant youngscholar in a central Italian superintendency Su`per`in`tend´en`cyn. 1. The act of superintending; superintendence. who overextended thedistribution of Mycenaean sherds in Tuscany by creative re-use of sherdsfrom a museum store. This falsification was proved by refitting. It willnever be known whether this scholar's success in extending thedistribution of painted Serra d'Alto (Middle Neolithic) sherds wasa product of similar creativity. However, a survey of the publicationsof Mycenaean and Serra d'Alto sherds would never give access tothis knowledge, since archaeological research is ultimately executed ontrust: a trust that we undertake to publish and a trust that what wepublish is a truthful account. We are indebted to PAUL BAHN for sending us his own reflections onthis important issue, in the light of the general morality of scientificactivity, the recent case of Japanese Palaeolithic fraud and the currentpressures and distortions of the media. He writes: `In a recent issue of the journal Science there was a fascinatingglance at the problem of scientific misconduct scientific misconduct,n the fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism of research data, or other violations of ethical standards of the scientific community. , asking the question"How prevalent is fraud?" (Marshall 2000). A researchconference was held last November in Bethesda, Maryland, by a watchdogagency, when a $1 million grants programme was announced "toinvestigate the prevalence of fraud, data fabrication fabrication (fab´rikā´shn),n the construction or making of a restoration. , plagiarism Using ideas, plots, text and other intellectual property developed by someone else while claiming it is your original work. , andother questionable practices in science" and to raise ethicalstandards. It seems that there is an "epidemic offalsification" at present, from outright fakery of results to the"massaging of data". Fortunately the phenomenon still remainsrare, involving only occasional bad apples in the barrel, with oneestimate claiming one fraud per 100,000 scientists per year. At aroundthe same time, a new case of serious fraud in archaeology came to light,when a leading Japanese archaeologist admitted planting artefacts at anexcavation site. Fifty-year old Shinichi Fujimura -- nicknamed"God's Hands" for his uncanny ability to uncover ancientobjects -- had been videotaped burying his "discoveries"before digging them up again as new finds. A leading Japanese newspaper,Mainichi Shimbun, published damning stills of him at work, after whichhe admitted having gone out alone to the excavation site several timesin the small hours to bury dozens of artefacts. In a public confessionand apology, he claimed that it was the burden of having to find oldersites which had prompted him to carry out the fraud using artefacts fromhis own collections. Of 65 pieces unearthed Unearthed is the name of a Triple J project to find and "dig up" (hence the name) hidden talent in regional Australia.Unearthed has had three incarnations - they first visited each region of Australia where Triple J had a transmitter - 41 regions in all. at the Kamitakamori sitenorth of Tokyo, he admitted to having faked 61, together with all 29pieces found last year at the Soshinfudozaka site in northern Japan.Since Fujimura, who was deputy director of the Tohoku PalaeolithicInstitute, has been involved in researching at least 180 sites, Japanesearchaeological authorities are understandably worried about thepotential impact he has had on our picture of the past. This caseaffected me personally, since one of Fujimura's faked finds -- acluster of handaxes arranged in a neat pattern in a 600,000-year-oldlayer at the site of Kamitakamori -- was reported and illustrated lastyear in the 3rd edition of the archaeological textbook I wrote withColin Renfrew (Renfrew & Bahn 2000). Hence, most regrettably, falseinformation is being passed to all readers and users of the book, andthis rubbish will have to be removed from the next edition. One reasonbehind this particular fraud, it has been suggested, is that in Japanesearchaeology publication often takes a back seat to press conferenceswhere the latest finds are trumpeted, and spectacular discoveries areseen as more important than scholarly debate or critical review. Fraudin archaeology is nothing new -- for example, instances of mendacity men��dac��i��ty?n. pl. men��dac��i��ties1. The condition of being mendacious; untruthfulness.2. A lie; a falsehood. byHeinrich Schliemann are well known, as are infamous cases of fakery suchas Piltdown or Glozel, while a new book by archaeologist Oscar WhiteMuscarella Oscar White Muscarella (b. 1931 in New York) is a US archaeologist and curator at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. His specialty is the antique art and archeology of the Near East. (2000) has suggested that more than 1200 fake antiquities aredisplayed in some of the world's leading museums. However, itappears that in recent times the phenomenon has been increasing anddiversifying, as in all other branches of science. Some of this can beblamed on the increased "mediatization me��di��a��tize?tr.v. me��di��a��tized, me��di��a��tiz��ing, me��di��a��tiz��esTo annex (a lesser state) to a greater state as a means of permitting the ruler of the lesser state to retain title and partial authority. " of the field, where,as in Japan, it can be important to "make a splash" in orderto "make a name for oneself" or further one's career. Theactual fabrication or planting of fake objects is an extreme form offraud; but there are many other kinds of dishonesty: for example, itsometimes involves claiming to have made discoveries of sites orbreak-throughs in research which are actually already known (the mediausually don't bother to check, and print what they are told); whilesome scholars seem to spend their time cynically conjuring up sexy"sound-bites" about the past which the media will gobble up(usually involving sex or drugs or cannibalism cannibalism(kăn`ĭbəlĭzəm)[Span. caníbal, referring to the Carib], eating of human flesh by other humans. or suchlike such��like?adj.Of the same kind; similar.pron.Persons or things of such a kind.suchlikeNounsuch or similar things: shampoos, talcs, and suchlike). It has tobe said that the media themselves deserve much of the blame because oftheir general "dumbing down". Many newspapers and magazines inthe past couple of decades have grown reluctant to accord any space toarchaeology unless the story is one which will "cause the textbooksto be rewritten". So if a new discovery, albeit of archaeologicalimportance, is not as spectacular as the Iceman IcemanBody of a man found sealed in a glacier in the Tirolean Ötztal Alps in 1991 and dated to 3300 BC. It has revealed significant details of everyday life during the Neolithic Period. or the Grotte Chauvet,they are not interested. And to succeed in today's television,archaeology programmes usually need some kind of formula or"hook", often involving "mysteries" orreconstructions or a race against time. However, dishonesty inarchaeology can also take many other forms for which the media cannot beblamed -- for example, the distortion or extremely partisan selection ofevidence; exaggerated claims (such as that of being able to"read" rock art, a perennial favourite); the prevention ofcolleagues' access to objects or data; the prevention ofpublication by critics or opponents, together with blockage of theirrepresentation in the media; passing oneself off as having a higherdegree or a more important position than one actually possesses, forexample through ambiguous wording in book blurbs; ferocious and bullyingreactions to the slightest criticism, aimed especially at intimidatingyounger colleagues; failure to cite scholars who had already reached thesame conclusions, or who had previously discovered or studied the samematerial; supervisors of research may even usurp u��surp?v. u��surped, u��surp��ing, u��surpsv.tr.1. To seize and hold (the power or rights of another, for example) by force and without legal authority. See Synonyms at appropriate.2. the ideas and findingsof their graduate students, either by imposing themselves as co-authorsof papers, or by simply helping themselves to the material; and thenthere is simple plagiarism and -- a new scourge for the computer age--the theft of other people's photographs through scanning andre-publication without permission or credit. Naturally, all of theseproblems doubtless permeate academia as a whole, but it is inarchaeology that I have personally encountered all of the above to anincreasing degree in recent years. I do not think this can be attributedto my cynicism growing with age, since I have always been prettycynical! And just as in Japan, where it is not the done thing tocriticize colleagues or overturn their findings since this is taken aspersonal insult, so in archaeology as a whole the above types ofdishonesty have flourished for the simple reason that nobody is willingor able to expose the culprits publicly, although there are frequentmutterings in conference corridors or behind closed doors. Even here Iam unable to name names, since it would expose both me and this journalto litigation An action brought in court to enforce a particular right. The act or process of bringing a lawsuit in and of itself; a judicial contest; any dispute.When a person begins a civil lawsuit, the person enters into a process called litigation. -- although I could easily cite specific examples for allof the above. The point is that some archaeological careers have beenboosted, reputations made and enhanced, salaries raised and honoursawarded because the perpetrators have indulged in these kinds ofdishonesty, and nobody has felt able or courageous enough to point thefinger and expose them; or because no-one, least of all the media,checks the facts; or simply because most people find it hard to believethat scholars could lie and cheat so brazenly. I do not wish to suggestthat such things are rife in archaeology -- far from it. As mentioned atthe start, the rotten apples doubtless constitute a tiny minority, andthe vast majority of archaeologists are honourable and ethical. Someplagiarism, for instance, can be accidental or caused through ignorance.Nevertheless, unethical and dishonest behaviour is clearly on theincrease in archaeology as in science in general, and we need to bevigilant. The healthy reaction to spectacular claims is profoundscepticism and peer review. But it will be extremely difficult to findways of exposing fraudulent or improper behaviour, while avoiding thekind of blatantly false or vindictive accusations -- e.g. of racism orof doctoring data -- of which we have also seen some notable examples inarchaeology in recent years.' The above are powerful words and we welcome reaction. As part ofour next (September) editorial we plan a discussion of the impact of themedia on archaeological knowledge and archaeological practice and willwelcome any anecdotal or substantive evidence, both positive andnegative, that readers may wish to send us. One author at the Cyprus conference on publication of excavationscompared the illicit sale of antiquities with the non-publication oflegal fieldwork (Hadjisavvas 2000: 5-6). It is, therefore, excellent torecord that the United Kingdom has finally agreed to ratify the 1970UNESCO accord. NEIL NEIL Nuclear Electric Insurance LimitedNEIL Network Engineering and Integration Lab BRODIE writes: `In 1970, alarmed by the growing trade in stolen archaeological andother cultural material, UNESCO agreed the Convention on the Means ofProhibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer ofOwnership of Cultural Property. On 14 March 2001, after 30 years ofprocrastination, HM Government announced that the United Kingdom wouldfinally sign up, the 92nd country to do so. This decision vindicates theefforts of those who have fought long and hard to secure Britishaccession, but above all it is a personal triumph for the Arts Minister,Alan Howarth, who managed to steer the Convention past the variousobjections which have previously been held against it, and who announcedthat it would "send out a powerful signal signal ... that the UK isdetermined to play its full part in the international effort to stampout to put an end to by sudden and energetic action; to extinguish; as, to stamp out a rebellion s>.See also: Stamp the illicit trade". Moves are also afoot to make it a criminaloffence knowingly to import, deal in or be in possession of any stolenor illegally excavated cultural object. This is all welcome news, andlong overdue, but it is not a signal for complacency. The Convention byitself cannot stem the trade in illicit material, but politicalcooperation within its framework can, and the measure of HMGovernment's resolve will be the alacrity a��lac��ri��ty?n.1. Cheerful willingness; eagerness.2. Speed or quickness; celerity.[Latin alacrit with which it sets out toachieve such cooperation.' Furthermore, COLIN RENFREW gives the broader context of the higherprofile that archaeology is receiving in the United Kingdom today. Hewrites: `A promising meeting of the Historic Environment Forum, convened bythe Institute of Field Archaeologists The Institute of Field Archaeologists is a professional organisation for archaeologists in the United Kingdom. Its headquarters are at the School of Human and Environmental Science, in the University of Reading. , was held at the Society ofAntiquaries Society of Antiquaries can refer to: Society of Antiquaries of London Society of Antiquaries of Scotland Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-upon-Tyne Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland , Burlington House, on Wednesday 14 March. It was notable forthe strong political representation which the Institute was able tobring together. Peter Ainsworth MP, Shadow Secretary of State forCulture Media and Sport, spoke for the Conservative Party, and LordRedesdale for the Liberal-Democrats. The Labour spokesman was AlanHowarth MP, Minister for the Arts In the United Kingdom government, the Minister for the Arts is a ministerial post, usually at junior or Minister of State level. The post has been in a variety of ministries, but after 1997 it has been a Minister of State position in the Department for Culture, Media and Sport. , who publicly announced the accessionof the United Kingdom to the 1970 UNESCO Convention on the Means ofProhibiting the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership ofCultural Property. Britain thus at last joins the 91 other nations whichsubscribe to the Convention, and this move will give encouragement toSwitzerland and the Scandinavian countries which are considering doingso. Accession to the Convention commits Britain to make efforts tocombat the trade in illicit antiquities, although it does not in itselfbring about new measures for enforcement procedures for doing so.Britain's accession to the Convention was one of therecommendations of the Ministerial Advisory Panel on Illicit Trade,established by Alan Howarth in May 2000 and chaired by Professor NormanPalmer, which reported in December. Among its other recommendations werestrengthening and modifying the regulations controlling the export ofantiquities, and the introduction of a new criminal offence. This wouldmake it an offence "dishonestly to import, deal in, or be inpossession of any cultural object, knowing or believing that the objectwas stolen, or illegally excavated, or removed from any monument orwreck contrary to local law." Although few prosecutions arepredicted, this might well change the climate of opinion in Britain in asignificant way, and would give some teeth to the undertakings inherentin the UNESCO Convention. At the meeting the need to introduce a statutory obligation uponlocal authorities to maintain Sites and Monuments Records was emphasizedby many speakers: it is now stated Conservative and Liberal-Democratpolicy. Indeed, this was the subject of an amendment by Lord Redesdaleand myself to the Culture and Recreation Bill, which received its SecondReading in the House of Lords House of Lords:see Parliament. on 18 January. A further amendment wouldmake it a duty upon local authorities to maintain also a record ofportable antiquities, thus ensuring the continuation and expansion ofthe Portable Antiquities Voluntary Recording scheme. But unfortunatelythe Government has not found time for the further stages of the Bill,which will almost certainly lapse with the expected General Election.Several speakers endeavoured to persuade the Minister to give a firmcommitment to statutory SMRs, but his position remained a cautious one.One positive feature, however, was his encouragement of the concept ofHistoric Environment Record Centres, as recommended in the paper Powerof Place, recently published by English Heritage. The discussion which followed was chaired by Geoffrey Wainwright,and a number of useful points emerged: the strong support for thetransfer of responsibilities for underwater archaeology to EnglishHeritage (as proposed in the now-doomed Culture and Recreation Bill), solong as sufficient funds were made available; the desirability ofreducing VAT on repairs to historic buildings and monuments, and theneed to revisit the issue of `class consents' which permit thecontinued ploughing of scheduled monuments, with damage which in somecases is severe. It was pointed out in discussion that none of the majorpolitical parties yet has a party policy for archaeology, and perhapsthey will now consider the formulation of such a policy. The most positive feature of the meeting was the quality of thediscussion, both from panellists and from the floor, where most Britisharchaeological interests were represented. The IFA and its DirectorPeter Hinton have made a real contribution towards upgrading thepolitical standing of archeology through this constructive meeting, andthere was a general feeling that this was an exercise which couldusefully be repeated, perhaps in a year's time.' Quiet but animated discussion in the museum is the most strikingnew feature at `Jorvik', in York, now open again afterrefurbishment. Quiet is typical in a gallery but not such intentdiscussion among families in front of the exhibits. It marks abreak-through in the presentation of archaeology. We explained, last year, the background to redevelopment of theJorvik Viking Centre (ANTIQUITY 74: 744-5) -- now suitably renamed,simply Jorvik. The elements are the same: darkly downstairs to anintroduction and a `journey' back through the generations and thecenturies; then a ride among reconstructions of the 10th-centurycity's streets and past remains preserved in situ In place. When something is "in situ," it is in its original location. ; the museumgallery; and the shop. Now there is less emphasis on the archaeologicalwork at the end of the ride and more in the introduction. The main partof the cycle both starts and ends by referring to the YorkArchaeological Trust The York Archaeological Trust for Excavation and Research Limited is a large private archaeological organisation operating in the United Kingdom, based in the city of York. , with implications, as the running commentary(Michael Wood now, instead of Magnus Magnusson) suggests, `for thefuture' -- of archaeology, that is. To show `what it was actually like in AD 975', vehicles takeus over a reconstruction of the riverbed, past a busy quay (as before),past children at a board game, and poultry and puppies, then olderhouses of one storey and new ones of two, workshops and mutteringtraders and (as before) a fellow straining in his privy. Paintings inthe background show both countryside (so close) and the great Romanwalls but the commentary emphasizes squalor. Next, we are lifted to thedingy dingyused as a description of fleece wool; the wool is lacking in brightness. living quarters above a shop. The mannequins' faces are animprovement on the rugged caricatures in the former presentation. Thenthe trance clears as archaeological remains are pointed out, and thetechnique of facial reconstruction is explained to us. Disembarking, wefind notices for a Viking shopping precinct and (as before) there is acoin maker at work. Next we reach the gallery. Like the ride -- and, it is implied, along the Coppergate street,today -- the gallery emphasizes crafts and trading. Then comes thesurprise. Fading onto and off the exhibits, a few seconds at a time, areimages of people like the mannequins, shown making or using theartefacts. To the purist pur��ist?n.One who practices or urges strict correctness, especially in the use of words.pu��ristic adj. , the bare exhibits speak for themselves. Then,for the rest of us (abuse) for The Rest Of Us - (From the Macintosh slogan "The computer for the rest of us") 1. Used to describe a spiffy product whose affordability shames other comparable products, or (more often) used sarcastically to describe spiffy but very overpriced products.2. , the projections recall the scenes along the ride.There are no labels. The interpretive wording we provide, ourselves. According to fathers overheard with children, the ingenioustechnique of projection is simple; but it does not distract from theexhibits. Asked about his inspiration, Director Richard Kemp quoted hisprofessor (q.v.p. 431, below): `Archaeology's not for academics,it's for people!'. Now it is more by them too. NICHOLAS JAMES The ANTIQUITY PRIZE for the best paper published in 2000 has beenvoted as CLIVE RUGGLES & GORDON BARCLAY's `Cosmology, calendarsand society in Neolithic Orkney', published in March. The BEN CULLEN PRIZE, awarded to the best `newcomer' paper inANTIQUITY, has been awarded to VIRGINIA L. BUTLER, for `Resourcedepression on the Northwest Coast of North America', published inSeptember. Erratum [Latin, Error.] The term used in the Latin formula for the assignment of mistakes made in a case.After reviewing a case, if a judge decides that there was no error, he or she indicates so by replying, "In nollo est erratum . We apologize for the omission of John Schofield'snote on `D-Day sites in England: an assessment' from the list ofcontents of the March 2001 issue; it can be found on pages 77-83 of thatnumber. An international conference on the `Fifth millennium of theinvention of writing in Mesopotamia' has recently been held inBaghdad (20-26 March 2001), organized by the State Board of Antiquitiesand heritage under the auspices of the Ministry of Culture. 150delegates attended from 18 countries, including Britain (11), a numberof other European countries, the USA (3), Japan and the Arab world. Over100 papers were offered on subjects as varied as the archaeologicalevidence for the background to the development of writing, that is,various early types of `recording' systems, many of which continuedlong after true writing emerged (the use of seals, for example), theearly pictographic pic��to��graph?n. In all senses also called pictogram.1. A picture representing a word or idea; a hieroglyph.2. A record in hieroglyphic symbols.3. texts which can now be dated sometime around 3400 BC,the development of the cuneiform cuneiform(kynē`ĭfôrm)[Lat.,=wedge-shaped], system of writing developed before the last centuries of the 4th millennium B.C. scripts and the great variety ofassociated texts, and the later invention of various alphabetic systemsincluding Aramaic and Arabic. At one of the most interesting sessions,Iraqi archaeologists spoke of their new excavations at sites in thesouth, in particular sites of 3rd and 2nd millennium BC date. A numberof these sites were being seriously damaged by illicit looting, butthese are now not only fully under the protection of the State Board butare producing exciting new architectural and material evidence. The State Board is now actively encouraging the return of foreignexpeditions to Iraq, and a number of European countries are eitheralready working or are about to restart their escavation programmes inthe not unreasonable belief that sanctions were not intended to affectcultural cooperation. Research in the Iraq Museum is also being activelyencouraged. From a purely academic point of view on of the most seriousdeprivations caused by sanctions is the lack of new books and recentjournals, both in the university libraries and research departments. Itis possible to post books to Baghdad, and volumes published since 1990would be warmly welcomed by the State Board and the universities. It ismuch to be hoped that the situation will soon become more normal, andthat British archaeologists will be able to join their Europeancolleagues in enjoying the warm cooperation and support that we havealways experienced in Iraq. JOAN OATES Philip Arthur Barker 1920-2000 At the peak of his archaeologicalcareer, Philip Barker wrote: Most of us dig out of insatiable curiosity coupled with the,perhaps arrogant, conviction that by dissecting dis��sect?tr.v. dis��sect��ed, dis��sect��ing, dis��sects1. To cut apart or separate (tissue), especially for anatomical study.2. ancient sites we canunderstand them. The subtle flanks of an ancient earthwork earth��work?n.1. An earthen embankment, especially one used as a fortification. See Synonyms at bulwark.2. Engineering Excavation and embankment of earth.3. , embedded inthe landscape like a half-submerged Henry Moore, or the dark greencontrapuntal con��tra��pun��tal?adj. MusicOf, relating to, or incorporating counterpoint.[From obsolete Italian contrapunto, counterpoint : Italian contra-, against (from Latin tracery tracery,bands or bars of stone, wood, or other material, either subdividing an opening or standing in relief against a wall and forming an ornamental pattern of solid members and open spaces. of a cropmark seen from the air, give us a powerfulfrisson of discovery and recognition and an overwhelming desire to knowwhat it means. Here, in Techniques of archaeological excavation (1977), Philip setout his passionate concern, not only with the past but also with the wayin which the past was treated in the present. On every page hisphilosophy is intricately interleaved with his pedagogic ped��a��gog��ic? also ped��a��gog��i��caladj.1. Of, relating to, or characteristic of pedagogy.2. Characterized by pedantic formality: a haughty, pedagogic manner. attention tosuch details as plastic labels, churn brushes and the best sort of pinkpencil. For in the late 1970s he and his colleagues were engaged inprolonged and bitter fights with the establishment about rescuearchaeology, the need for long-term research and proper funding and theclear requirement for the establishment of field archaeology as aprofession. It was this passionate concern which made him not only agreat excavator but also a key figure in the archaeological politics oflate 20th-century Britain. Philip Barker died in the same week as Brian Hope-Taylor, anotherartist who became a superlative excavator. They shared a gift ofvisualizing buildings in their landscapes so that they could notenvisage a post-hole without also envisaging the roof above it. Theartist turned archaeologist, who saw earthworks as sculptures, and airphotographs as music, went on to paint some of our most memorable imagesof archaeological sites, particularly from the air. Art, music andarchaeology were all of a piece and in another revealing statement inTechniques he wrote as `"all art constantly aspires towards thecondition of music" all excavation should aspire towards thecondition of total excavation'. He was born in 1920 to working-class parents in London and educatedat Wembley Grammar School. He left school at 15 and grew up in theSecond World War when he served as a bomber navigator in the RAF,winning a Distinguished Flying Cross. He remembered those days withaffection and thought that `the best war-time air crew discipline',where everyone knew their own job, should be a model for onsitediscipline. When, at Wroxeter, we discovered a war-time gun emplacementamong the Roman ruins, he insisted on saving every scrap of evidence,ostensibly os��ten��si��ble?adj.Represented or appearing as such; ostensive: His ostensible purpose was charity, but his real goal was popularity. because the whole sequence of events on the site were ofequal importance, but partly, we felt, because it reminded him sovividly of his own past. After the war he trained as an art teacher and taught at the PrioryBoys School in Shrews-bury from 1949 until 1960. Like all the bestteachers he had the gift of drawing his pupils into his own enthusiasmsand as he became more and more interested in archaeology in the late1950s his pupils became his trowel-fodder, ending up as teachers andarchaeologists, kindled by `Pablo's' gift for communicationand his profound interest in local archaeology. The West Midlandsprovided huge encouragement to amateur archaeologists through theExtra-Mural Department at Birmingham University and a network of amateursocieties. Philip was drawn into this network and, despite his lack offormal qualifications, became a staff tutor in archaeology at Birminghamin 1960, taking a part-time MA at Leicester University in 1965 with adissertation pioneering the study of medieval pottery in the WestMidlands and Welsh border. At that stage I attended his evening classes on medievalarchaeology in Birmingham. Philip had just started to dig at Hen Domen,the earliest castle at Montgomery where he was employing open-areaexcavation to reveal a mass of ephemeral timber structures crowding thebailey of a Norman castle. Open-area excavation was new in Britain.Philip spoke glowingly of Van Giffen, of Hatt at Norre Fjand andSteensburg at Storr Valby. His contemporaries and colleagues were alsotrying these new techniques -- Hope-Taylor at Yeavering, Rahtz atCheddar, Hurst and Golson at Wharram Percy and Biddle at Winchester. Itseems self-evident now that this is the easiest way to capture the planof multi-period sites, but in the mid 1960s `the answer still lay in thesection'. What Philip Barker did was to combine open-areaexcavation with an artist's eye for the smallest variation incolour and texture and a conviction that every change could carry somecrucial clue as to meaning. At Hen Domen, on a long-drawn-out campaignof excavations, in a field he made his own, he demonstrated the value ofhis minute, painstaking approach to such sites. Hen Domen wasparticularly important to him. Wroxeter, where he was to show that Romanlife went on long after the formal end of the Roman province, was largerand in some ways more demanding, but Wroxeter had been dug before and bymany people. Hen Domen was a pristine site: it was here that his familycamped every year, with his wife Eve organizing the cooking and theirthree sons helping with the digging. Moreover, at Hen Domen the wholetown of Montgomery took a personal interest in the dig and Philipdeveloped further his strong sense that the archaeologist had a duty anda responsibility to bring his findings before the public. At Hen Domen he had been recovering medieval wooden buildings. Whenhe used the same techniques at Wroxeter he revolutionized Romano-Britisharchaeology. Wroxeter, a 220-acre Roman city, four miles south ofShrewsbury, is on the Welsh border and, unlike most other Roman-Britishcities, was abandoned under green fields. Earlier excavators hadtrenched its central insulae In Roman architecture, insulae (singular insula) were large apartment buildings where the lower and middle classes of Romans (the plebs) dwelled. The floor at ground level was used for tavernas, shops and businesses with living space on the higher floors. , carving great holes into the rubble masswhich covered, apparently at random, the former public buildings. Usingthe same meticulous dissection methods Philip was able to demonstratethat in the city centre the rubble was re-used as the foundations forlarge, classically proportioned timber buildings inhabited into the 6thcentury AD. A series of disbelieving visitors had to be convinced bydemonstration -- Philip was at his pedagogic best with ChristopherHawkes, Leo Leo, in astronomyLeo[Lat.,=the lion], northern constellation lying S of Ursa Major and on the ecliptic (apparent path of the sun through the heavens) between Cancer and Virgo; it is one of the constellations of the zodiac. Rivet, A.H.A. Hogg and that formidable former Wroxetertrench-digger, Kathleen Kenyon. From 1969 to 1990 every August theWroxeter campaign went on and on with a `continuous modification oftechniques', many pioneered at Wroxeter, including photogrammetry photogrammetry:see aerial and satellite photography. ,the use of sieving and the early use of computing for data handling.Roman finds bored him -- there were so many of them and they required somuch labour. What he liked was to walk the site alone in the very earlymorning noting each fresh change and during the day to `walk thefloor' endlessly, scrabbling furiously with a trowel at some newinteresting area, abandoning a heap of spoil for a hapless troweller toclear. Each week brought more visitors and the introduction of publicOpen Days, but increasingly from 1971 onwards, he was engaged as well inthe setting up first of RESCUE and then the Institute of FieldArchaeology. After dinner he would retire upstairs in the dig house tolisten to music or to read before heading out for a pint. Down wouldcome Philip, exalted by music or depressed by self-inflicted reading --the season he was reading Eliot's The Wasteland being notablygloomy. At the pub there would be endless discussion. He wrote `it is agreat advantage to have supervisors or assistants on the site who arecapable of taking and expressing a constructively critical view of everystage of the work' and his site supervisors were given largeresponsibilities. They imported new ideas and theories to which helistened carefully, sometimes half-convinced by their view that trueobjectivity was possible. Yet he was a man who worked intuitively. Hiscuriosity about the past was too strong for him not to bring all hisexperience to bear on interpretation, and his sense of humanrelationships too close to allow him the distance that true objectivityrequires. Those of us who worked with him throughout the years knewthat, despite the demanding precision and the clinical cleanliness ofthe techniques he insisted upon, he needed to give names and functionsto the `events' so painstakingly recorded and his mind wasconstantly engaged with the story of what he was excavating. In the late 1960s British archaeologists became increasinglyanxious about the widespread destruction of archaeology in post-warredevelopment. A powerful lobby gathered to galvanize gal��va��nize?tr.v. gal��va��nized, gal��va��niz��ing, gal��va��niz��es1. To stimulate or shock with an electric current.2. public support forbetter protection of Britain's heritage, resulting in RESCUE, theTrust for British Archaeology, of which Philip became the firstsecretary in 1971. RESCUE's work led eventually to the legislationwhich now protects archaeology on development sites and Philip'srole in this was fundamental. His steadfast concern fuelled the debateswith MPs and opinion-makers and, with the same tenacity of purpose, hehelped from 1979 to found the Institute of Field Archaeologists,bringing a much needed professionalism to the discipline. At his memorial service in Worcester Cathedral, where he had beenconsultant archaeologist, a colleague praised him as `a good man'.Philip's integrity was unshakeable and he cared far more about thesuccess of his ideas than any public recognition. His university knewhis worth, awarding him an Honorary M.Litt. in 1998. His nationalcontribution went publicly unmarked. His achievements in the field,coupled with his immense influence on public archaeology, deserved more.He leaves us his books and his paintings and above all our memories of aman whose personal tenet, `hold fast that which is good' was anexample to everyone who knew him. KATE PRETTY James J. Fanto Deetz 8 February 1930-25 November 2000 James Deetz's intellectual contributions focused on culturechange and on the ways in which changes affected the lives and minds ofordinary people. He will be long remembered as a man whose scholarshipand teaching galvanized many, but who set an example that few canfollow. He was both a scholar and a family man, and accomplished whatacademics seldom achieve: a private life as rich and rewarding as hisprofessional career. He married first Eleanore Kelley Deetz; they hadsix sons and four daughters. Deetz's second wife and widow isPatricia Scott Deetz, a social historian who collaborated with Jim inhis most recent research efforts. After receiving his BA (1957), MA (1959) and Ph.D (1960) fromHarvard University, Deetz taught at the University of California The University of California has a combined student body of more than 191,000 students, over 1,340,000 living alumni, and a combined systemwide and campus endowment of just over $7.3 billion (8th largest in the United States). atSanta Barbara from 1960-1978, at Harvard University (1965-1966), atBrown University (1967-1978), at the College of William and Mary Noun 1. William and Mary - joint monarchs of England; William III and Mary II (1977-1978) and at the University of California, Berkeley The University of California, Berkeley is a public research university located in Berkeley, California, United States. Commonly referred to as UC Berkeley, Berkeley and Cal (1978-1993);most recently he was the David A. Harrison Professor of New WorldStudies at the University of Virginia. Deetz was acclaimed as amasterful teacher who entertained and inspired students who flocked tohis ever-popular courses. Author of over 60 articles and books influential in both historicaland prehistoric archaeology, Deetz was admired for his clear andaccessible writing. His Ph.D dissertation, The dynamics of stylisticchange in Arikara ceramics, published in monograph form in 1965, washeralded for its innovative statistical analyses of artefact See artifact. variationas a means of delineating shifts in social organization and patterns ofkinship among the Arikara before and after European contact. His firstbook, Invitation to archaeology (1967), was used extensively as a textfor introductory classes in archaeology, and his popular introduction tohistorical archaeology, In small things forgotten (1977), remains inwide distribution and has had multiple printings. Deetz's 1993book, Flowerdew Hundred, received the 1994 James Mooney Award from theSouthern Anthropological Society and the 1995 Distinguished Book Awardof the Society of Colonial Wars, New York New York, state, United StatesNew York,Middle Atlantic state of the United States. It is bordered by Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and the Atlantic Ocean (E), New Jersey and Pennsylvania (S), Lakes Erie and Ontario and the Canadian province of . From 1967-1978, Deetz served as Assistant Director of PlimothPlantation, conducting excavations at a number of historical sites inand around Plymouth (MA), including 17th-century Pilgrim settlements.During this time he also published what many consider his mostinfluential and provocative contributions to historical archaeology -- aseries of innovative studies of New England gravestones, co-authoredwith colleague and friend Edwin Dethlefsen. Deetz & Dethlefsenoffered a compelling demonstration of the efficacy of seriation studiesin archaeology, and in his own later work Deetz related gravestonecarving to broader changes in the lifestyles and world view of colonialNew Englanders. From 1982, he was Director of Research and a member of the Board ofDirectors of Flowerdew Hundred Foundation, Hopewell (VA), where hedirected field schools and Summer Institutes in American HistoricalArchaeology, sponsored by the National Endowment for the Humanities, at17th-, 18th- and 19th-century sites at Flowerdew Hundred Plantation.Deetz since 1984 held the post of Honorary Visiting Professor ofHistorical Archaeology at the University of Cape Town Coordinates: “UCT” redirects here. For other uses, see UCT (disambiguation). , South Africa, andfrom 1983 conducted research on the British colonial frontier of theEastern Cape as part of his broader investigation of the comparativearchaeology of English colonialism. Most recently, he teamed with his second wife, Patricia ScottDeetz, to write The times of their lives: life, love and death inPlymouth Colony. The book appeared only shortly before Jim's death,bringing his professional life full circle by returning to andreconsidering his first ventures into historical archaeology at the homesites of the religious separatists later known as Pilgrims who foundedNew England's first permanent settlement. In 1997, the Society for Historical Archaeology recognizedDeetz's contributions to the field by awarding him its lifetimeachievement award, the J.C. Harrington Medal in Historical Archaeology.For his pioneering work at Plimoth Plantation, where he not only broughtarchaeological investigations into the foreground of the museum'sresearch into 17th-century life but also initiated the first-personapproach to `living history' involving costumed interpreters `incharacter' that continues to expose Plantation visitors tounexpected encounters with 17th-century customs and beliefs -- Deetzalways stressed that people needed to be made aware that if they weresomehow transported back in time they would experience severe cultureshock -- in 1999 Deetz was awarded the Harry H. Hornblower Award. Grounded in structuralism structuralism,theory that uses culturally interconnected signs to reconstruct systems of relationships rather than studying isolated, material things in themselves. This method found wide use from the early 20th cent. , Deetz's approach was synthetic,working from data outwards, emphasizing qualitative as well asquantitative evaluations, incorporating multiple and complementary linesof evidence, allying historical documents closely with excavatedevidence. His interest was in the details of everyday lives among earlysettlers, indigenous peoples, colonists and African Americans, and hismethod consisted of probing diverse categories of material culture --houses, gravestones, ceramics, musical instruments, clay pipes --examining the productions of individuals to bring to light underlyingcultural rules that generate patterns of thought that are manifested insocial behaviour and material culture. MARY BEAUDRY (*) Quasi-Autonomous Non-Governmental Organization. Bibliography of major works DEETZ, J. 1963. Archaeological investigations at La PurismaMission, UCLA UCLA University of California at Los AngelesUCLA University Center for Learning Assistance (Illinois State University)UCLA University of Carrollton, TX and Lower Addison, TX Archaeological Survey Annual Report 1962-1963: 165-241.Los Angeles (CA): Department of Anthropology-Sociology, University ofCalifornia. 1965. The dynamics of stylistic change in Arikara ceramics. Urbana(IL): University of Illinois Press The University of Illinois Press (UIP), is a major American university press and part of the University of Illinois. OverviewAccording to the UIP's website: . Illinois Studies in Anthropology 4. 1967. Invitation to archaeology. Garden City (NY): Natural HistoryPress. Translated into Japanese, 1988 (Tokyo: Tuttle-Mori Agency Inc.). 1968. Late man in North America: archaeology of European Americans,in B.J. Meggers (ed.), Anthropological archaeology in the Americas:121-30. Washington (DC): Anthropological Society of Washington.Reprinted in Deetz (1971): 208-18. 1968. The inference of residence and descent from archaeologicaldata, in L.R. & S.R. Binford (ed.), New perspectives in archaeology:41-8. Chicago (IL): Aldine Press. 1970. Archaeology as a social science, Bulletin of the AmericanAnthropological Association 3(2): 115-25. (Reprinted in M.P. Leone(ed.), Contemporary archaeology: a guide to theory and contributions:108-17. Carbondale (IL): Southern Illinois University Press.) (Ed.) 1971. Man's imprint from the past: readings in themethods of archaeology. Boston (MA): Little, Brown. 1973. Ceramics from Plymouth, 1620-1835: the archaeologicalevidence, in I.M.G. Quimby (ed.), Ceramics in America: 15-40.Charlottesville (VA): University Press of Virginia. 1977. In small things forgotten: an archaeology of early Americanlife. Garden City (NY): Anchor Books. 1982. Households: a structural key to archaeological explanation,American Behavioral Scientist 25(6): 717-24. 1983. Scientific humanism and humanistic science: a plea forparadigmatic See paradigm. pluralism in historical archaeology, Geoscience ge��o��sci��ence?n.Any one of the sciences, such as geology or geochemistry, that deals with the earth.ge and Man 23:27-34. 1988. American historical archaeology: methods and results, Science239 (22 January 1988): 362-7. 1988. History and archaeological theory: Walter Taylor revisited,American Antiquity 53(1): 13-22. 1988. Material culture and worldview world��view?n. In both senses also called Weltanschauung.1. The overall perspective from which one sees and interprets the world.2. A collection of beliefs about life and the universe held by an individual or a group. in colonial Anglo-America, inM.P. Leone & P.B. Potter, Jr (ed.), The recovery of meaning:historical archaeology in the eastern United States: 219-35. Washington(DC): Smithsonian Institution Press. 1993. Flowerdew Hundred: the archaeology of a Virginia plantation,1619-1864. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. 1989. Archaeography, archaeology, or archeology? American Journalof Archaeology 93: 429-35. DEETZ, J.F. & P. SCOTT DEETZ. 2000. Thetimes of their lives: live, love, and death in Plymouth Colony. New York(NY): W.H. Freeman. DEETZ, J.F., & E.S. DETHLEFSEN. 1964. Death's heads,cherubs and willow trees: experimental archaeology in colonialcemeteries, American Antiquity 31(4): 502-10. 1971. Some social aspects of New England colonial mortuary art, inJ.A. Brown (ed.), Approaches to the social dimensions of mortuarypractices, 30-38. Society for American Archaeology The Society for American Archaeology (SAA) is the largest organization of professional archaeologists of the Americas in the world. The Society was founded in 1934 and today has over 7000 members. Memoir 25 [issued asAmerican Antiquity 36(3, pt. 2)]. A intellectual history of Deetz's early work appears in: YENTSCH, A.E. 1992. Man and vision in historical archaeology, inA.E. Yentsch & M.C. Beaudry (ed.), The art and mystery of historicalarchaeology: essays in honor of James Deetz: 23-47. Boca Raton (FL): CRC (Cyclical Redundancy Checking) An error checking technique used to ensure the accuracy of transmitting digital data. The transmitted messages are divided into predetermined lengths which, used as dividends, are divided by a fixed divisor. Press. A comprehensive listing of works by Deetz appears at:http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/users/deetz/Plymouth/ JDeetzmem3.html References BELGIORNO, M.R. 2000. Forgotten excavations in Italy, inHadjisaavas & Karageorghis (ed.): 47-51. BLACKMAN, D. 2000. The publication policy of the British School atAthens, in Hadjisaavas & Karageorghis (ed.): 59-65. CHAPMAN, J. 1994. Destruction of a common heritage: the archaeologyof war in Croatia, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Antiquity 68: 120-26. CLEAL, R.M.J., K.E. WALKER & R. MONTAGUE. 1995. Stonehenge inits landscape: twentieth-century excavations. London: English Heritage. HADJISAVVAS, S. 2000. Unpublished excavations: the case of Cyprus,in Hadjisaavas & Karageorghis (ed.): 5-10. HADJISAAVAS, S. & V. KARAGEORGHIS (ed.). The problem ofunpublished excavations. Proceedings of a conference organised by theDepartment of Antiquities and the Anastasios G. Leventis Foundation.Nicosia, 25-26 November, 1999. Nicosia: Government Printing Office. HODGES, R. 2000. Visions of Rome. Thomas Ashby. Archaeologist.London: British School at Rome. KARAGEORGHIS, V. 2000. It's publish or perish "Publish or perish" refers to the pressure to publish work constantly in order to further or sustain one's career in academia. The competition for tenure-track faculty positions in academia puts increasing pressure on scholars to publish new work frequently. and we do notwant to perish, in Hadjisaavas & Karageorghis (ed.): 1-4. MARSHALL, E. 2000. How prevalent is fraud? That's amillion-dollar question, Science 290 (1 December): 1662-63. MAZAR, A. 2000. The archaeological agenda in Israel: Past sins andfuture attonement, in Hadjisaavas & Karageorghis (ed.): 23-37. MUSCARELLA, O.W. 2000. The lie became great: the forgery of AncientNear Eastern cultures. Groningen: Unesco/Styx Publications. RENFREW, C. & P. BAHN. 2000. Archaeology: theories, methods andpractice. London: Thames & Hudson. 3rd edition. WHITTLE, A. 1991. Wayland's Smithy, Oxfordshire: excavationsat the Neolithic tomb in 1962-63 by R.J.C. Atkinson and S. Piggott,Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 57(2): 61-101. 1997. Sacred mounds, holy rings: Silbury Hill and the West Kennetpalisade enclosures: a Later Neolithic complex in north Wiltshire.Oxford: Oxbow. Monograph 74/Cardiff Studies in Archaeology.