Editorial.

Editorial. It is a daunting task to write our first Editorial, following in thefootsteps of three remarkable Editors of ANTIQUITY. There is certainlymuch to report, not only of what is in this issue, and of present eventsand matters, but also of past and future. ANTIQUITY is now in its 72ndyear of production, and it is worth describing some aspects of this longhistory of archaeological communication. Unlike almost all other seriousjournals of archaeology, ANTIQUITY is an independent Trust, and reliesentirely on its subscribers, rather than any society or largerorganization. It was founded by O.G.S. CRAWFORD to be independent, andso it has remained. Crawford wrote an Editorial after 10 years ofproduction (ANTIQUITY 40 (1936)) and described what he had originallyenvisaged for the journal. 'What I had in mind was to found ajournal which would raise the general status of archaeology, and wouldpopularize pop��u��lar��ize?tr.v. pop��u��lar��ized, pop��u��lar��iz��ing, pop��u��lar��iz��es1. To make popular: A famous dancer popularized the new hairstyle.2. its achievements without vulgarizing them . . .'Crawford went on to encourage readers to become subscribers -'Circulation is the life-blood of every journal' - and that isas true today as it was in Crawford's time. ANTIQUITY subscriberscome from every country in the world, although it may surprise readersto learn that we can divide these numerically into three equal parts -Britain, North America North America,third largest continent (1990 est. pop. 365,000,000), c.9,400,000 sq mi (24,346,000 sq km), the northern of the two continents of the Western Hemisphere. and the rest of the World. With manysubscriptions arriving in American dollars, we are rather dependent uponthe whim of international money markets and the rate of exchange, and asanyone who has travelled recently will know, Sterling has been toostrong for its (or indeed ANTIQUITY's) good. We will have to be alittle slimmer in size (just under 1000 pages annually, but with auseful new supplement - see below and p. 16) - until Sterling weakens.Following Crawford's lead, we also ask that subscribers introducenew subscribers to the journal, so that ANTIQUITY can publish more andbetter.ANTIQUITY has had an unusual history with only three Editors in 70years, O.G.S. CRAWFORD and GLYN DANIEL Glyn Edmund Daniel (23 April, 1914–13 December, 1986) was a British archaeologist who specialised in the European Neolithic and made some of the earliest efforts to popularise the subject on radio and television. taking equal share of the first60 years, and CHRISTOPHER CHIPPINDALE Christopher Chippindale (born 1951) is a British archaeologist, most well-known for his work on Stonehenge. He is Reader in Archaeology and Curator for British Collections at the Museum of archaeology and Anthropology, Cambridge University. the last 11, with a one-yearsabbatical leave Noun 1. sabbatical leave - a leave usually taken every seventh yearsabbaticalleave, leave of absence - the period of time during which you are absent from work or duty; "a ten day's leave to visit his mother" covered by HENRY CLEERE. After Glyn Daniel's longterm of office the Trustees are tending to the view that a decade waslong enough for any Editor, so the cycle of new Editors will quicken aswe move into the 21st century.Christopher Chippindale brought much that was new to ANTIQUITY and wewish to pay tribute to his work. From the outset of his Editorship, newelectronic technology was employed, desktop publishing desktop publishing,system for producing printed materials that consists of a personal computer or computer workstation, a high-resolution printer (usually a laser printer), and a computer program that allows the user to select from a variety of type fonts and sizes, from its infancyin the 1980s to the routine sophistication so��phis��ti��cate?v. so��phis��ti��cat��ed, so��phis��ti��cat��ing, so��phis��ti��catesv.tr.1. To cause to become less natural, especially to make less naive and more worldly.2. of the late 1990s. Under theprevious editor, traditional typesetting typesetting:see printing. typesettingSetting of type for use in any of various printing processes. Type for printing, using woodblocks, was invented in China in the 11th century, and movable type using metal molds had appeared in Korea by the 13th and printing was used, whichwas expensive and slow. Christopher and his wife Anne as ProductionEditor pioneered new technologies and not only speeded up the productionprocess, but also brought down the costs, as demonstrated by theincreased size of ANTIQUITY over the last 11 years. This enviable speedof production has ensured topicality of the latest archaeologicaldevelopments and ideas. Christopher has brought a powerful internationalflavour to ANTIQUITY, and continued and developed the World perspectiveof archaeology that ANTIQUITY has always espoused, but he has done sospectacularly. Even though the first editors always included discussionand papers from much of the world, recent years have seen attention paidto regions often overlooked or disregarded. Australia, in particular,has been a subject of much debate, but so too have the emerging nationsof the former eastern bloc During the Cold War, the term Eastern Bloc (or Soviet Bloc) was used to refer to the Soviet Union and its allies in Central and Eastern Europe (Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and—until the early 1960s—Albania). of Europe and the southern continentsgenerally. This trend has been welcomed by much of the ANTIQUITYreadership, since ANTIQUITY has always sought to explore the broaderworld of archaeology and its interdisciplinary concerns, rather than toseek to satisfy interest in one or two subject or regional areas. Oneparticular characteristic of his work was to broaden the scope ofpapers, and to encourage young scholars and archaeologists to publish inANTIQUITY.Several papers initiated by Christopher are printed in this issue anda planned special issue, featuring Brazil, will appear later in theyear. The number of reviews has increased since the early days ofANTIQUITY, not only reflecting the massive increase in new booksappearing on archaeological subjects, but the work undertaken by theReviews Editor, a position that Christopher introduced to ANTIQUITYalmost a decade ago. We pay tribute to his efforts, imagination andsheer energy which have taken ANTIQUITY into its eighth decade insplendid form.This issue of ANTIQUITY is necessarily transitional between oneeditorship and another, with no deliberate changes in the journal styleor structure. We have been delighted to take the ANTIQUITY staff with usto the new office that has been generously provided by New Hall (aCambridge women's college with a distinguished archaeologicalreputation). ANNE CHIPPINDALE continues as Production Editor, LIBBYPEACHEY as Secretary and ANTHONY SINCLAIR as Reviews Editor. As forourselves, we have only recently returned to Cambridge, our alma mater,to take up teaching positions, and now ANTIQUITY as well. LikeChristopher Chippindale, we were also students of Glyn Daniel, but inthe late 1970s. We too were introduced to Megaliths and the broaderhistorical and culinary delights of archaeology that were the identityof archaeology teaching under Daniel. Following our degrees here, wehave been roving far and wide. The Editor pursued the prehistory prehistory,period of human evolution before writing was invented and records kept. The term was coined by Daniel Wilson in 1851. It is followed by protohistory, the period for which we have some records but must still rely largely on archaeological evidence to ofSicily and southern Italy, before encountering the megalithic meg��a��lith?n.A very large stone used in various prehistoric architectures or monumental styles, notably in western Europe during the second millennium b.c. issues ofAvebury stone circle as its museum's curator. Thereafter she movedinto the quasi-Civil Service (Cultural Resource Management) archaeologyof English Heritage English Heritage is a non-departmental public body of the United Kingdom government (Department for Culture, Media and Sport) with a broad remit of managing the historic environment of England. It was set up under the terms of the National Heritage Act 1983. as an Inspector of Ancient Monuments, beforereturning to academic archaeology, first at Bristol and now atCambridge. The Deputy Editor (and Editor's husband) undertookresearch in Rome on Etruscans, before doing research at Ann Arbor Ann Arbor,city (1990 pop. 109,592), seat of Washtenaw co., S Mich., on the Huron River; inc. 1851. It is a research and educational center, with a large number of government and industrial research and development firms, many in high-technology fields such as (MI)and Cambridge. More recently, he has taught at the universities of York,Bristol and now Cambridge. Throughout the years of varied research andwork, fieldwork has been our principal passion, and excavations andsurveys in Italy, Sicily and Malta have provided the essentialarchaeological activities that sustain us. Mediterranean our personalwork may be, but we intend to pay special attention to balance in thebreadth and range of our Editorial policy of ANTIQUITY. Here we aregenerously assisted by our panel of Editorial Advisors who representmany fields of our discipline.Following Glyn Daniel's statement in his first issue ofANTIQUITY in 1958, we shall not introduce the formal Obituary (orNecrologie) to the pages of ANTIQUITY, but it is appropriate to payrespects to leaders in the field, such as MARY LEAKEY Noun 1. Mary Leakey - English paleontologist (the wife of Louis Leakey) who discovered the Zinjanthropus skull that was 1,750,000 years old (1913-1996)Mary Douglas Leakey, Leakey , who have byexample and inspiration changed what we do as a profession anddiscipline. The work and personality of Mary Leakey is provided by herlife-long friend THURSTAN SHAW. J.B.GRIFFIN (JIMMY) is another suchindividual, and HENRY WRIGHT gives us an international view of thisgreat man.At times, commemoration will merge into Reaction. We plan tocommemorate some significant publications and their impact past andpresent. The first of these will be reactions to the 25th anniversary ofDavid Clarke's 'Archaeology and the Loss of Innocence'published in ANTIQUITY 1973. We have asked a small panel of scholars toreact to the impact of this article in the 1990s.The discipline of archaeology has many relations in other academicfields and areas of everyday life, but archaeologists are frequentlyoblivious to these alternative perspectives. A different theme ofreaction will be presented as Another Perspective from invitedindividuals (academics, professionals and politicians) who knowarchaeology well but are outside the discipline. They will offer theirthoughts on what Archaeology is doing (or failing to do) within thebroader academic milieu. We shall welcome more spontaneous papers fromreaders who feel they too can contribute to such debates.Time and the clarification of past chronologies have always beenpredominant concerns in archaeology, and this issue includes severalpapers that address time measurement. Especially topical at the momentis the question of dating the earliest humans in various parts of theworld. An appreciation of the work of the late Mary Leakey is especiallyappropriate in this context. Discussions continue over the dates ofearly humans in Europe, and discoveries by Gibert and colleagues insoutheast Spain provide new dates indicating very early occupation.ANTIQUITY published the first news of possible early TL dates for bothearly human occupation and rock-art in Australia at Jinmium (Fullagar etal. 1996, ANTIQUITY 70: 751-73). Now, re-analysis by Nigel Spooner ofthe TL dates suggests that some of the exciting possibilities may havebeen mis-interpreted, as questions are raised over the reading of the TLcurves. 14C dating has been usefully re-calibrated in recent years, andTjeerd van Andel discusses their application to the Middle and UpperPalaeolithic. Several other papers focus on various aspects of earlyarchaeology, with less space in this issue for later prehistory orhistoric archaeology, a balance which will be redressed later in theyear.Pompeii has featured in both the December 1997 and this March issueof ANTIQUITY. It is therefore appropriate that the same interval shouldhave been marked by the first listing of this, perhaps the most famousarchaeological site in the world, as a World Heritage Site. In manyways, it is astounding that a site of the importance of Pompeii shouldhave been listed so late by UNESCO UNESCO:see United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. UNESCOin full United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization , (although we suspect the meetingvenue in Naples may have hastened the process) but of course sitelistings are frequently highly charged with political activity. This iscertainly the case with Agrigento in Sicily, which has also been listed,largely through the activities of conservationists working to controlthe unabated and commercial building that has scarred the historiclandscape surrounding the major Greek colony. It is significant that theMayor of Agrigento was not part of the pressure group who ensured thesuccessful listing, but is also significant that a new era has opened inSicily's regard for its heritage. At a conference at Corleone(Sicily) in July 1997, a declaration was made by the delegates,including the Deputy Editor, in support of the proper protection andmanagement of the site, and control of future development. Italiancultural sites featured prominently among the newly listed sites (10 outof 38) - of the 21st Session of the World Heritage Committee included(in addition to those above) the archaeological examples of PiazzaArmerina Piazza Armerina (Sicilian: Ciazza) is an Italian comune in the province of Enna of the autonomous island region of Sicily. HistoryThe city of Piazza (the grandiose imperial Roman villa For general context, see villa.A Roman villa is a villa that was built or lived in during the Roman Empire. The Empire contained many kinds of villas. in the province of Enna Enna (Italian: Provincia di Enna) is a province in the autonomous island region of Sicily in Italy. Its capital is the city of Enna.It has an area of 2,562 km², and a total population of 177,200 (2001). (Sicily)), and the fine nuraghe (fortified fortified (fôrt´fīd),adj containing additives more potent than the principal ingredient. complex) of Su Nuraxi diBarumini in Sardinia (see http://www.unesco.org/whc/events/naples/pages/main/main.htm). Another classic archaeological sitelisted for the first time is that of Hallstatt. The UNESCO listings,however, retain a statistically disproportionate European definition ofcultural and natural value. Over 40% of all sites are in Europe, and inspite of the 1997 addition of sites such as Lake Turkana Lake Turkana (tər-kăn'ə, tʊr-k?'nə), formerly known as Lake Rudolf, is a lake in the Great Rift Valley in Kenya, with its far northern end crossing into Ethiopia. , Kenya (listedfor its natural value) and Volubilis, Morocco, over 50% of the new siteswere also European. Such bias towards Europe does not really fulfil theoriginal aspirations of the World Heritage Convention. It should besupporting developing countries in their protection of monuments andsites rather than continuing to acknowledge the cultural dominance ofEuropean history. http://www.unesco.org/whc/heritage.htmOn 7 January 1998 a meeting was held at the Natural History Museum,London, to celebrate and review the progress of the first five years ofresearch on Ancient Biomolecules. Since [pounds]1.9 million has beeninvested by the Natural Environment Research Council in 17 differentprojects, variously examining the fate of biological molecules inarchaeological and fossil materials, a major public announcement wasappropriate. Archaeologically, the research has involved the extractionof DNA DNA:see nucleic acid. DNAor deoxyribonucleic acidOne of two types of nucleic acid (the other is RNA); a complex organic compound found in all living cells and many viruses. It is the chemical substance of genes. and protein from ancient human and animal bone, fossilized plantsand insects, where it is hoped that benefits to archaeology, tourism,anthropology, agriculture, veterinary and forensic science The application of scientific knowledge and methodology to legal problems and criminal investigations.Sometimes called simply forensics, forensic science encompasses many different fields of science, including anthropology, biology, chemistry, engineering, genetics, may betangible results. As the publicity of the meeting made clear, materialsof up to 75 million years old were 'providing insights into historyand challenging accepted archaeological and scientific theories'.Examples of the archaeological side of the work included 'Newinsights into the travels of ancient people in the Pacific and IndianOceans, and the journeys of pioneer farming communities taking wheat,barley and domesticated animals This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims.Please help Wikipedia by adding references. See the for details.This article has been tagged since September 2007.This is a list of animals which have been domesticated by humans. across Europe several thousand yearsago' and 'Studies of life in ancient South Americancivilisations'. Such experimental work is now becoming reproducibleand the limits and optimum conditions for its implementationincreasingly clear. The transition from the experimental to thecommonplace is crucial. This has been seen with radiocarbon, but notalways yet achieved in other promising fields of scientific archaeology.Further information is available from Ursula Edmunds, NERC NERC Natural Environment Research Council (UK)NERC North American Electric Reliability Corporation (Princeton, New Jersey, USA)NERC Northeast Recycling CouncilNERC National Environment Research Council Communications, Polaris House, North Star Avenue, Swindon, Wilts SN2 1EU(e-mail uwe@wpo.nerc.ac.uk). More details can be found onhttp://www.nerc.ac.uk/ press_releases/abi.htmlOetzi, the Copper Age Ice Man (reported in ANTIQUITY 68 (1994):10-26) discovered near the Brenner Pass Brenner Pass(brĕ`nər), Ital. Brennero, Alpine pass, 4,495 ft (1,370 m) high, connecting Innsbruck, Austria, with Bolzano, Italy. on the borders of Italy andAustria, has finally returned 'home' to Italy. The ice mummywas discovered in September 1991 by German ramblers and was instantlyclaimed by Austria. From the outset, there have been undignifiedwrangling and some miscalculations in the treatment of what is one ofthe most important discoveries for European prehistory in recent years.Bureaucracy, in the form of the Tyrolean coroner called in to completethe death certificate, delayed scientific removal of the body until itwas decaying and souvenir-hunters had removed parts. The body was thentaken to Innsbruck University, where it has been subjected to study forthe last six years, with the Austrians making a strong claim for keepingit. However, the Italian nationalists have been both vocal and active,and proved, with a tape measure, that the body lay 92.57 m within theItalian border and thus belonged to Italy. Whether such modern triflesas political borders should really be the concern of scientificarchaeology is debatable, since no such border existed in the CopperAge, 3300 years BC. But that is neither here nor there - Oetzi will nowbe on public display in a specially refurbished museum in Bolzano, seenby perhaps 300,000 people a year. The Austrians, particularly PROFESSORKONRAD SPINDLER, are outraged since they had protected the mummy frompublic view, and regard the exhibit as 'sensationalism' and'ethically and morally intolerable' (quoted from an article byImre Karacs, Independent on Sunday 18 January 1998: 15).Ethical issues and antiquities are subjects that we, like ourpredecessor, will continue to debate with relish. We have been fortunateto work in Malta where, in spite of a prehistory with artisticallyimportant objects, little plunder TO PLUNDER. The capture of personal property on land by a public enemy, with a view of making it his own. The property so captured is called plunder. See Booty; Prize. has take place in recent decades,unlike comparable ancient objects which have found their way into theOrtiz Collection. Sadly, in most of the Mediterranean, Asia and Centraland South America South America,fourth largest continent (1991 est. pop. 299,150,000), c.6,880,000 sq mi (17,819,000 sq km), the southern of the two continents of the Western Hemisphere. , plunder of antiquities is rife. Even worse, perhaps,is the semi-legalized sack of existing museum collections and monumentsin some unstable political systems, where officials seek to denude de��nudev.To divest of a covering, as myelin. theirnational heritage for individual monetary gain. There are always museumshappy to take the dodgy dodgy - Synonym with flaky. Preferred outside the US goods, as was recently demonstrated by an outcryin the Boston press when local institutions acquired some'stolen' old and new world artefacts. Responsiblearchaeologists and heritage managers throughout the world are properlyconcerned about the continuing plunder of ancient sites, and thestill-buoyant art market that both provides the incentive for plunderand conveniently disposes of stolen materials.How much of the past is still plundered and marketed to collectorsand 'respectable' museums? This question has never beenproperly addressed, let alone accurately quantified. Efforts by someresearchers have demonstrated alarmingly high percentages ofunprovenanced material in London auction houses. Thankfully, times maybe changing, because on November 13 1997 a brave new initiative, TheIllicit Antiquities Illicit antiquities are antiquities, or artifacts of archaeological interest, found in illegal or unregulated excavations, and traded covertly.The global trade in illicit antiquities connects black-market activities in the countries of origin, by smuggling, to sales through Research Centre (IARC), was launched at theInstitute of Advanced Legal Studies The Institute of Advanced Legal Studies (IALS) is part of the School of Advanced Study of the University of London. It was founded in 1946 as a national academic institution to promote and advance legal research, implementing a proposal of 1934 report of the Legal Education , London, by PROFESSOR LORD RENFREWOF KAIMSTHORN, Director of the McDonald Institute for ArchaeologicalResearch The McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research is a research institute of the University of Cambridge in England. HistoryThe Institute was established in 1990 through a generous benefaction from the late Dr D. M. McDonald, a well-known and successful industrialist. at Cambridge University Cambridge University,at Cambridge, England, one of the oldest English-language universities in the world. Originating in the early 12th cent. (legend places its origin even earlier than that of Oxford Univ. : 'The greatest single threat tothe archaeological record The archaeological record is a term used in archaeology to denote all archaeological evidence, including the physical remains of past human activities which archaeologists seek out and record in an attempt to analyze and reconstruct the past. today and to the world's culturalheritage is the damage inflicted by looters on archaeological sites toprovide antiquities for the illicit trade for collectors who ask noquestions. This is a national and international disgrace that must bestopped.' The Centre will compile data about illicit antiquitiesand the damage done through plundering. A major task will be to focuspublicity on the damage of the trade, and thus change public andpolitical opinion and attitudes towards collections containing stolenantiquities. IARC is urging the British Government to follow the leadboth of the USA in ratifying the 1970 UNESCO Convention on the illicittransfer of cultural property, and that of the Swiss, Italian, Frenchand Dutch governments, by signing the 1995 UNIDROIT Convention on Stolenand Illegally Exported Cultural Objects. Many antiquesdealers/auctioneers, such as Sotheby's, are responding to recentembarrassments and unwelcome public opinion, and have stopped the salesof antiquities in London, transferring them instead to New York New York, state, United StatesNew York,Middle Atlantic state of the United States. It is bordered by Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and the Atlantic Ocean (E), New Jersey and Pennsylvania (S), Lakes Erie and Ontario and the Canadian province of . Indeed,the response to the formation of the Research Centre has been mixed, anda succession of vitriolic attacks in the editorial comments of the artcollectors' journal, Minerva, show that the IARC has far to gobefore persuading all collectors of the value of the initiative. Inparticular, the Editor-in-chief, and New York coin dealer, JEROME M.EISENBERG, Ph.D, has found it necessary to condemn absolutely the IARCattack on the antiquities art market. His words, in the Sept/Oct 1997,Nov/ Dec 1997 and Jan/Feb 1998 issues of Minerva offer an important, ifdepressing, insight into the mentality of dealers and collectors. Theyostensibly os��ten��si��ble?adj.Represented or appearing as such; ostensive: His ostensible purpose was charity, but his real goal was popularity. sign up to the 'Dealers code of Ethics', but failto acknowledge the current and future archaeological damage that theirtrade encourages, indeed, that it is the generating force of plunder. Inparticular, Eisenberg's Nov/Dec 1997 commentary is worth quoting:'We can well do without any more of this "tabloidjournalism" and hopefully these ill-informed individuals willexercise their formidable talents elsewhere, especially in helping tobring about a legally sanctioned export of antiquities worldwide. Thisto the writer seems to be the only rational solution which would notonly enable ancient objects to be enjoyed and appreciated by peoplethroughout the world, but also significantly increase much needed incometo the antiquity-rich states, income which could be used to betterpreserve and explore the constantly expanding number of archaeologicalsites.' Far from opening up access to antiquities, Eisenberg andhis kind are exclusive, as was amply demonstrated by the First CourtauldDebate on 20 November 1997, at the Courtauld Institute in London. Theoccasion was chaired by LORD HOFFMAN, and included speakers from the artworld - DR TIMOTHY CLIFFORD of the National Gallery of Scotland, MRRICHARD JENKINS of Oxford University acting for the motion, and LORDRENFREW and BERNIE GRANT Bernard Alexander Montgomery Grant (17 February 1944 – 8 April, 2000), known simply as Bernie Grant, was a politician in the United Kingdom, and was Labour member of Parliament for Tottenham at the time of his death. MP against it. The motion was 'This housebelieves that the trade in antiquities is fundamental to the properstudy of the past'. In spite of efforts by Lord Renfrew and Grantto put the case against the trade, the motion was enthusiasticallycarried by perhaps as much as 4:1 in an audience made up principally ofrich art connoisseurs. The cost of a ticket to enter the debate was muchmore than an annual subscription to ANTIQUITY.The Institute will be publishing a twice-yearly newsletter Culturewithout Context and worldwide support is requested for this importantwork. For further information on the IARC, write to Dr Neil Brodie, TheMcDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Downing Street,Cambridge CB2 3ER, England. It is salutory to examine the World Wide Webpages on the antiquities trade that are all too accessible to publicview. Most archaeologists will be appalled by the suggestive prose, thatadvises on antiquities for sound financial investment and social image(see especially http://www.financialinsights.com/FI-art.htm theso-called Dealers Code of Ethics onhttp://anamarket.money.org/EthicsCode.html and Eisenberg's own pagefor his gallery in New York on wysiwyg://199/http:www.royal-athena.com/intro/invest.htmlOne theme that we plan to develop from time to time is that ofcommemoration while avoiding obituaries, which can be morbid things, andare all too often a long recitation rec��i��ta��tion?n.1. a. The act of reciting memorized materials in a public performance.b. The material so presented.2. a. Oral delivery of prepared lessons by a pupil.b. of good lives and deeds. However,there are those in our subject who have been so central a part of theevolution of what we do and know, that a few apt words enlighten us onthe development and fruition of their careers, and perhaps ouracknowledgement of the work is vital to our collective self respect.Here we have a remarkable piece by the well-known Africanist, THURSTANSHAW, on his long-time friend and colleague, MARY LEAKEY. Mary died inDecember 1996 in Africa, and to enable her relations and friends to paytheir respects, a memorial service was held at Jesus College, Cambridgeon 3 May 1997, in recognition of her honorary D.Sc which CambridgeUniversity had awarded her in 1987. This is the address which ThurstanShaw read, and which we present to the readers of ANTIQUITY.Mary Leakey born 6 February 1913, died 9 December 1996Mary Douglas Leakey Noun 1. Mary Douglas Leakey - English paleontologist (the wife of Louis Leakey) who discovered the Zinjanthropus skull that was 1,750,000 years old (1913-1996)Mary Leakey, Leakey was the daughter of a Scots father and an Englishmother. Through her mother, Mary was directly descended from John Frere,who is famous for his 18th-century recognition of flint handaxes atHoxne in Suffolk as humanly made implements. Mary always considered shehad inherited her artistic talent from her paternal ancestry, as herfather and grandfather were artists. Mary's ability in this fieldwas displayed especially in her consummate drawings of prehistoric stoneimplements, in which she caught so exactly every ripple and everyflake-scar, as well as conveying so faithfully the surface texture ofdifferent kinds of stone. Curiously, it was this facility which firstbrought her in touch with her husband Louis, because he was looking forsomeone to draw the illustrations for his book, Adam's Ancestors.He had asked Gertrude Caton Thomson if she knew of someone who could dothis, and she introduced him to Mary. Within a short space of time Marywas not only drawing artefacts for Louis but also assisting him in hisarchaeological work in East Africa.Of course, funeral ceremonies and memorial services are not for thebenefit of the dead but for the benefit of the surviving, to help uscome to terms with our loss and with the reminder of our own mortality.I miss Mary personally, both as a friend and as an archaeologicalcolleague. She was always a good correspondent, and in recent years whenthe continents continued to separate us, I used to see her every yearwhen she was passing through England. That is my own personal loss, butthe loss is much more widely felt, because there are hundreds ofarchaeologists and palaeoanthropologists who know that they have lostone who contributed immeasurably to the knowledge of our subject and toour understanding of how humankind evolved and developed, physically,technically and socially. That knowledge is crucial to the understandingof that strange and enigmatic species, the Homo sapiens of today, whichhas such amazing achievements to its credit and at the same time haswrought such devastation in the world.Archaeology has usually designated, both by the usage and by thederivation of the word, the study of what is ancient, above all ofancient people - but in fact, archaeology's significance is aboutthe people of today. The great gap in human knowledge at the end of thesecond millennium, when we know more than ever about the physicaluniverse, including the universe of living things, is the gap whichconcerns ourselves, about what is 'a person', about what makesus tick in the extraordinarily contradictory way we do. Archaeologytraces the story of how we come to our present point, both in ourphysical and in our behavioural development, and over approximately thelast 10,000 years, how this odd creature has developed social forms andsocial behaviour which seem largely out of control. To understand anyorganic evolving system, you need to know how it evolved to the pointyou are observing. Mary Leakey must rank as one of the greatestcontributors to our knowledge of this story, and as such all humankindis in her debt. In the last hundred years the concept of organicevolution, and of man as participating in it, has gained wideacceptance. Instinctively humankind recognizes the importance of thestory of its roots. The study of fossils and stone tools commonly usedto be thought a dry specialism belonging to a small body of experts, butin the last 40 years the story of early man has captured the imaginationof a wide spectrum of people, and it is the work of Mary and hercolleagues in this field, where she was a leader, which has wrought thistransformation in public awareness.Mary's early education was in the hands of a series ofgovernesses, and in the inspiration she received from her father, whointroduced her to archaeology, especially the French caves. He died whenMary was 13, which was a deep blow to her. She was sent to RomanCatholic convent schools, where her independent character revealeditself in ways that resulted in her expulsion, the second time forintentionally causing an explosion in the chemistry laboratory. In hermid-teens, Mary decided she wanted to become an archaeologist,especially of the real 'dirt' variety, so she offered heruntrained services to a number of excavators, usually to be met withpolite refusals. She started work with Mortimer Wheeler at St Albans,but left after a week because she decided nobody knew what they weredoing and that it was not the sort of place where she would learn much.She had better fortune in joining Dorothy Liddell at Hembury Fort inDevon, where the impressive Iron Age hillfort was underlain un��der��lain?v.Past participle of underlie. by aNeolithic causewayed enclosure. Dorothy Liddell was sister-in-law toAlexander Keiller, who put his marmalade fortune into Avebury and itsarchaeology, and for whom Dorothy Liddell had been excavating at thetime Mary and her mother paid a visit there. So at the age of 17 Marytook part in her first excavation under the tuition of not only DorothyLiddell but also W.E.V. Young, Keiller's experienced foreman, whotaught us both how to use a trowel. For it happened to be my firstexcavation also, when a 16-year-old schoolboy, and this was when I firstmet Mary; four successive seasons followed at Hembury for all of us.Dorothy Liddell was a meticulous excavator ex��ca��va��torn.An instrument, such as a sharp spoon or curette, used in scraping out pathological tissue.excavator (eks´k , much underrated in EnglishArchaeology, partly because she died prematurely during World War II.When reminiscing in later years, Mary more than once commented on what agood training we had under her.However, the most important thing that happened to Mary in the early1930s was that she met Louis Leakey. This was the beginning of apartnership pregnant with the most wonderful discoveries in the field ofpalaeo-anthropology, which have since rightly become world famous. Thepartnership was largely so fruitful because of the complementary natureof their characters. Initially, of course, Louis was the leader, beingolder and more experienced, full of fire, enthusiasm and exuberance, forever rushing off to his next project. He was the inspirer, who setpeople alight - including Mary. Louis supplied the drive, and more thana dash of academic adventurousness; Mary provided a meticulouslymethodical way of working, was slower and more careful to reachjudgement and paid great attention to detail, and was more ready toconsider the differing views of others. Both enjoyed bush life, and bothhad a gritty determination, which stood them in good stead, particularlyin the early penurious pe��nu��ri��ous?adj.1. Unwilling to spend money; stingy.2. Yielding little; barren: a penurious land.3. Poverty-stricken; destitute. days. Louis was the romantic - Mary was notwithout passion herself. Her passion was for truth. Philosophically'truth' - and even more 'the truth' - is a difficultconcept - yet we all know what is meant by a seeker after truth.Bertrand Russell said 'I may have conceived theoretical truthwrongly, but I was not wrong in thinking that there is such a thing, andthat it deserved our allegiance.' It had Mary's allegiance -she was a seeker after truth and she sought it in her work. That is whyshe brought such rigour rig��our?n. Chiefly BritishVariant of rigor.rigouror US rigorNoun1. to her excavation technique, to her meticulousrecording, to her classification and analysis, to her interpretations,to her conscientious writing and publishing. Many archaeologists come toidentify themselves with their discoveries and their interpretation ofthem. Because they are so identified, they are reluctant to modify theirviews when later evidence - particularly when turned up by someone else- suggests that the earlier interpretation was wrong. Louis'excitable excitable/ex��ci��ta��ble/ (ek-sit��ah-b'l) irritable (1). ex��cit��a��bleadj.1. Capable of reacting to a stimulus. Used of a tissue, cell, or cell membrane.2. enthusiasms tended to make him one of those. Not so Mary - forher goal of laying bare the discoverable truths was more important thana personal reputation. Nevertheless, she was no stranger to controversy,and she was able to put her side of an argument with some cogency. Louiswas a natural showman, Mary was content to let him occupy the front ofthe stage. It was really only after Louis' death in 1972 that Maryfound she could enter, and succeed in, the realm of lecturing andpublicity. She felt compelled to embark on these new ventures in orderto raise funds to continue the research to which she was committed, forshe was dedicated to her quest for truth, and she stepped out ontohitherto uncongenial paths with characteristic courage. Some havedelighted to point to the difficulties in Mary and Louis'partnership, particularly during the latter's later years. Maryacknowledged these difficulties but as late as 1967 she commented to meone evening when we were sharing a tent at Engaruka that it had been agood partnership. I have always regarded as one of Mary's greatestachievements that she kept that partnership going for over 30 years.Mary's introduction to Africa came in 1935 when she travelled toCape Town and through what was then the Rhodesias. On the way sheassisted John Godwin with his excavations at the Oakhurst Shelter, andshe has paid tribute to him for the further lessons in excavationtechnique which she received on top of her training by Dorothy Liddell.She finally met up with Louis at Moshi in Tanganyika. He had leftEngland many months before to organize his fourth East Africaexpedition, in which he had decided to concentrate on Olduvai Gorge asthe most likely place to produce evidence of early man. He had longbelieved that man evolved in Africa, not Asia, as was then believedaccording to the received wisdom, and to find evidence for his views wasa powerful motivation for Louis. He and Mary did a lot of reconnaissanceand collecting at Olduvai, and they also travelled to Laetoli to look atthe promising deposits there, which 30 years later, as well as producingimportant fossil hominids even older than those of Olduvai, became knownas one of Mary's greatest discoveries, the three-and-a -quartermillion year old trail of hominid hominidAny member of the zoological family Hominidae (order Primates), which consists of the great apes (orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and bonobos) as well as human beings. footprints, preserved in anexceptionally favourable layer of volcanic ash. The Getty Foundation hasrecently financed the covering and conservation of these preciousfootprints.Present-day visitors to those sites can have little idea of thedifficulties of 1935, when it took Mary and Louis three days to get fromOlduvai to Laetoli, whereas now it can be driven in under one-and-a-halfhours. When a breakdown to their support vehicle occurred, Mary andLouis once found themselves spending a day and two nights digging theirown vehicle out of a ditch into which it had slid with no tools otherthan table knives and a couple of enamel plates. When presenting Maryfor her honorary degree here in Cambridge in 1987 the Orator ORATOR, practice. A good man, skillful in speaking well, and who employs a perfect eloquence to defend causes either public or private. Dupin, Profession d'Avocat, tom. 1, p. 19.. 2. vividlydescribed the hazards of those days as 'invia terrarum, itinerumpericula, aquarum inopias, morbos febriculosa, monstra formicarum,incursus leonum et semibarbarorum' (trackless terrain and perilousjourneys; shortage of water; tropical diseases; giant ants, marauding ma��raud?v. ma��raud��ed, ma��raud��ing, ma��raudsv.intr.To rove and raid in search of plunder.v.tr.To raid or pillage for spoils. lions and hostile tribesmen). A later generation ofpalaeoanthropologists who have worked in East Africa has sometimesdenigrated the slowness with which Louis and Mary achieved resultscompared with their own later slick efforts, failing to give credit toMary and Louis for their genuinely pioneering efforts, all done on ashoe-string, which paved the way for better-resourced latter-daysuccesses.A little after a year later, Mary and Louis set up house together inKenya and pursued their researches, jointly and separately. Money wasalways very tight, even after Louis' appointment at the CoryndonMuseum. Mary carried out the important excavations at Hyrax Hill and theNjoro River Cave: she always insisted that she was an archaeologistinterested in any prehistoric period, not just in the Palaeolithic inwhich fate decreed that her more famous discoveries should be made, andon which she concentrated in later years. It is good to know that theLeakey Foundation has established the Mary Leakey Fund for AfricanArchaeology, to benefit research workers pursuing interests similar tothose of Mary. She was fascinated by the Kisese and Kondoa rockpaintings, and spent many hours precariously perched on ladders tracingthem; she would only allow her autobiography to be published oncondition that her book on them should also be published. It was duringthe war that Mary and Louis, with the help of Catherine Fagg and anItalian prisoner of war on parole, discovered the remarkable site ofOlorgesaillie. It required persistent searching to find it, following upan imprecise clue recording the much earlier finding of handaxes by thegeologist J.W. Gregory. When Mary found the incredible handaxe-coveredscreen, now preserved as an open-air museum, she let out a shout thatbrought the others running, thinking that an accident had befallen her.The first Panafrican Congress on Prehistory which Louis had organisedin Nairobi in 1947 enhanced in many parts of the world the alreadygrowing interest in the Leakeys' work, and this led to theimprovement of the financing of their investigation of the fossils ofRusinga Island in Lake Victoria. This brought Mary her first greatpalaeoanthropological discovery - the almost complete skull of theMiocene ape Proconsul Proconsul, in zoologyProconsul,extinct group of apes, now considered a subgroup of Dryopithecus. Proconsul fossils have been discovered in E Africa. It is a probable ancestor of the chimpanzee and lived from 12 to 25 million years ago. , which aroused quite a scientific stir. More workwas done at Olduvai, but the real breakthrough did not come until 1959with Mary's discovery of the skull of Zinjanthropus, as Louischristened it, or Australopithecus boisei as it was later called, thetale of which has often been told. With his flair for publicity, Louismade the most of this find, so that the scientific world began to sit upand take notice as they had not done before. Nicknamed 'NutcrackerMan', Zinjanthropus captured the popular imagination, and Americanfunds began to flow Louis' way. This marked the beginning of a newepoch in palaeoanthropological research in East Africa, and happilycoincided with the introduction of the new potassium/argon method ofdating the volcanic tuffs which interbanded with the deposits of thelake around whose shore the ancient hominids had lived and left theirremains; thus the lake deposits could be bracketed between the datedtuffs. The discovery of Homo habilis the following year further boostedworld-wide interest, and gave satisfaction to Louis as being assignableto the genus Homo and a more likely candidate as a tool-maker than anaustralopithecine aus��tra��lo��pith��e��cine?n.Any of several extinct humanlike primates of the genus Australopithecus, known chiefly from Pleistocene fossil remains found in southern and eastern Africa.adj. . Later came the discovery of the Homo erectus skull,the so-called 'Chellean Man'. In the years that followed Louiswas less often at Olduvai, and from 1968 onwards Mary did all the workthere, concentrating especially on Beds III, IV and the Masek Beds, tocomplement the earlier work on Beds I and II. She added a great deal tothe data Olduvai has yielded, fleshing out still further the possiblescenarios in the mosaic of human evolution over nearly 2 million years.Mary was well aware that archaeological discoveries are of limitedvalue if they are not properly published. Her monument lies in theseries of carefully compiled volumes on the sequence of beds and theircontents at Olduvai and Laetoli, recording her detailed observations andpainstaking analyses, in which she insisted on relating the finds to thegeology and the stratigraphy stratigraphy,branch of geology specifically concerned with the arrangement of layered rocks (see stratification). Stratigraphy is based on the law of superposition, which states that in a normal sequence of rock layers the youngest is on top and the oldest on the , with which she received invaluable helpfrom Richard Hay. It was characteristic of her interdisciplinaryapproach that she did not hesitate to enlist the aid of specialists inrelated disciplines. Her Laetoli volume, which she wrote and edited withJohn Harris, contains the reports of some 30 experts who worked with herthere or on Laetoli material. Mary did not succumb to the commontemptation of archaeologists hastening into the field again seeking theexcitement of new discoveries while neglecting the tedious chores ofwhat should be the obligatory slog in the laboratory, the workroom work��room?n.A room where work is done.Noun 1. workroom - room where work is doneroom - an area within a building enclosed by walls and floor and ceiling; "the rooms were very small but they had a nice view" andthe study. She continued to write up the results of her researches towithin a short time of her death.To many, Mary was a very formidable lady: she had strong likes anddislikes - and certainly she was not one to suffer fools gladly. When incamp at Olduvai I have seen a graduate student express a criticism tooforcibly and in Mary's eye, too impertinently im��per��ti��nent?adj.1. Exceeding the limits of propriety or good manners; improperly forward or bold: impertinent of a child to lecture a grownup.2. Not pertinent; irrelevant. - and then bedismissed from the mess table and sent packing back to his tent. Onanother occasion, when Mary and I were quartering the floor of theNgorongoro crater looking for prehistoric burial cairns, I almost feltsorry for a colleague who failed to keep our pick-up rendezvous with theLandrover. This had left us stranded on our own, on foot, at dusk withthe hyaenas actually sniffing round our heels. Although I was equallyangry, my anger was a little diminished by the gratification of hearingthe virulence of the language in which an enraged Mary gave the errantdriver of the Landrover, when we actually joined up with him, adressing-down I guess he never forgot. However, Mary was not the cold,intimidating scientist, inflexibly pursuing her research for the factsof man's early history, as she has sometimes been portrayed.Determined and persistent she was, but she was also a human person, witha liking for whisky and cigarillos, and a capacity for friendship towhich many could testify. My wife often used to complain that many of myarchaeological friends had little time and regard for her because shewas not an archaeologist. It was not like that with Mary - in fact thetwo of them became good friends on their own, and sometimes used to swaphorror stories about the grim disadvantages of being married to anarchaeologist!Mary was the mother of three sons. She was very proud of them andtheir achievements, and of her grandchildren. Her eldest son Jonathanbecame a distinguished herpetologist her��pe��tol��o��gy?n.The branch of zoology that deals with reptiles and amphibians.[Greek herpeton, reptile (from herpein, to creep) + -logy. , her youngest, Philip, became ahighly regarded Cabinet Minister in the Kenyan government, and hermiddle son, Richard, has achieved fame for himself in his own right. Inyoung adulthood he initially made up his mind to avoid competing withhis parents in their chosen field and then decided to do just that -resulting in his important discoveries around Lake Turkana. It was alsoin line with his parents' interests that he successfully took onthe poachers to save Kenya's population of elephants. He has nowtaken on the politicians.Mary was not only an archaeologist of worldwide distinction, she wasalso a passionate lover of animals. She once broke off a long-standingfriendship because the friend had reintroduced myxomatosis myxomatosis/myx��o��ma��to��sis/ (mik?so-mah-to��sis)1. the development of multiple myxomas.2. myxomatous degeneration.myx��o��ma��to��sisn.1. onto herEnglish farm to keep down the rabbits. Throughout the last 60 years ofher life she was devoted to her beloved Dalmatians. I don't thinkshe quite reached a score of 101 but she was seldom without three orfour; they had their added usefulness at Olduvai of giving warning whenthere were lions or leopards about.After Louis died, Mary came to have an even greater personalaffection for Olduvai than before, and for a number of years made it herhome. That gash in the Serengeti plain which is Olduvai has been changedin its significance for ever by Mary and Louis Leakey. Is it fanciful tosee her spirit still presiding over Olduvai?THURSTAN SHAWSelected worksLEAKEY, M.D. 1971. Olduvai Gorge 3: Excavations in Beds I and II,1960-1963. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press (known colloquially as CUP) is a publisher given a Royal Charter by Henry VIII in 1534, and one of the two privileged presses (the other being Oxford University Press). .1979. Olduvai Gorge: my search for early man. London: Collins.1983. Africa's vanishing art: the rock paintings of Tanzania.Garden City (NY): Doubleday.1984, Disclosing the past. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.LEAKEY, M.D. & J.M. HARRIS (ed.). 1987. Laetoli: a pliocene sitein northern Tanzania. Oxford: Clarendon.LEAKEY, M.D. with D.A. ROE. 1994. Olduvai Gorge 5: Excavations inBeds III, IV and the Masek beds, 1968-1971. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press.JIMMY GRIFFIN was a figure whom we have had the privilege to meet andwho deserves international exposure. We have, therefore, commissionedHENRY WRIGHT to give an international view of this great man, otherwiseprincipally recorded in asides by Lewis Binford. The second photographis Jimmy's, taken of CHILDE at Swanscombe.James Bennett Griffin This article is about the archaeologist; for other James Griffins or Jimmy Griffins see James Griffin (disambiguation).James Bennett Griffin, (12 January 1905 - 31 May 1997. 1905-1997The man responsible for organizing our knowledge of the archaeologyof the Eastern Woodlands of North America and for nurturing manyinnovations in archaeological method and theory, James Griffin, died on22 June 1997.Born in Kansas and raised in Colorado and Illinois, Griffin wassteeped in the values and perspectives of the American Midwest, the landto whose prehistory he brought systematic order. He received a BA fromthe University of Chicago in 1927. He continued in that institution,receiving his primary excavation training in the Illinois field schoolof the polymathic pol��y��math?n.A person of great or varied learning.[Greek polumath anthropologist Faye Cooper Cole in the summer of 1930.Later that year he received a MA with a thesis on mortuary variabilityin eastern North America. There were few posts open for youngarchaeologists in the tumultuous first years of the Great Depression. In1932, however, Griffin was fortunate to find support as researchassistant in charge of the North American North Americannamed after North America.North American blastomycosissee North American blastomycosis.North American cattle ticksee boophilusannulatus. ceramic collections at theUniversity of Michigan (body, education) University of Michigan - A large cosmopolitan university in the Midwest USA. Over 50000 students are enrolled at the University of Michigan's three campuses. The students come from 50 states and over 100 foreign countries. Museum of Anthropology, with the support of thepharmaceutical entrepreneur Eli Lilly, an Indiana native fascinated byAmerican Indian cultural traditions.Until that time, there was little appreciation of the long span ofoccupation in the Americas and archaeological assemblages were ascribedto ethnic groups mentioned by early European explorers. This approachhad broken down as more and different assemblages were found in eachlimited sub-region. Griffin joined those who argued for the purelyarchaeological classification of material, without reference to putativeethnic associations. Masses of well-excavated ceramics - at first fromexcavations occasioned by federal reservoir construction in theTennessee Valley and then from other Depressionera projects - came toMichigan's 'Ceramic Repository' for description andclassification. Griffin brought order to this mountains of sherds with a'binomial system', larger groupings based on clay body namedfor type sites, subdivided into smaller groupings based on surfacetreatment, producing not only precise descriptive studies, one of which(Griffin 1938) became the basis of his doctoral dissertation at theUniversity of Michigan, but also the first of many syntheses of theprehistory of Eastern North America (Griffin 1946) based on ceramicsequences and correlations. The binomial binomial(bī'nō`mēəl), polynomial expression (see polynomial) containing two terms, for example, x+y. The binomial theorem, or binomial formula, gives the expansion of the nth power of a binomial (x+ system developed into the'type-variety' approach to ceramics, used throughout theAmericas today.As ceramics could be formally classified in hierarchical taxonomies,so could entire material assemblages. Griffin became a strong partisanof the 'Midwest Taxonomic System' (McKern 1939) and producedits finest exemplification An official copy of a document from public records, made in a form to be used as evidence, and authenticated or certified as a true copy.Such a duplicate is also referred to as an exemplified copy or a certified copy. EXEMPLIFICATION, evidence. , a study of the latest Prehistoric sites ofthe middle portion of the Ohio Valley. The trait lists from individualsites were compared; sites with similar assemblages were grouped into a'focus', and the foci of this region were grouped into a'Fort Ancient Aspect', an element in a broader'Mississippian Pattern' (1943). Only after formalclassification did Griffin consider the chronological, social relations,and ethnic affiliation of these units. As editor of a massiveFestschrift fest��schrift?n. pl. fest��schrif��ten or fest��schriftsA volume of learned articles or essays by colleagues and admirers, serving as a tribute or memorial especially to a scholar. for his mentor Cole, The archaeology of the eastern UnitedStates (1952), Griffin oversaw the ordering of much of the culturalevidence from the entire region in terms of McKern's scheme.Griffin joined James Ford of the American Museum in New York andPhillips Phillips of Harvard in an extensive survey of the majorarchaeological sites in the Lower Mississippi Valley, using a ceramicsequence based on both stratigraphic stra��tig��ra��phy?n.The study of rock strata, especially the distribution, deposition, and age of sedimentary rocks.strat excavation and Ford's.Seriation method, and considering the relation of sites to ancientchannels of the Mississippi and its tributaries. It was thus one of thefirst archaeological surveys to to map settlements on topalaeoenvironmental features (Phillips et al. 1951).In 1946, Griffin was appointed Director of the Museum ofAnthropology, a post he was to occupy for almost three decades. Thepost-war years saw an expansion for archaeology within new anthropologydepartments, and Griffin used Michigan's Department of Anthropologyto provide advanced academic training for archaeologists alreadyexperienced in the Depression-era programmes or in post-war reservoirconstruction. With such resources as a museum Director could marshal,Griffin turned to unresolved problems in archaeological research.The first of these was the issue of absolute chronology. Before 1949,the dating of prehistoric sites depended on tenuous correlations acrossthe Great Plains to the southwestern cultures dated by thenewly-developed dendrochronological method and on simple guesses.Griffin was well aware of the promise of Willard Libby's work onradiocarbon dating at the University of Chicago, and provided Libby withsome Eastern Woodland samples. He was puzzled that the agedeterminations made in Chicago were in several cases the reverse of whathe expected. He and his colleague in physics, H.R.Crane, were convincedthat the problems had two sources: the imprecision of Libby'stechnique of measuring the radioactivity of solid carbon and the use ofsamples which had been contaminated during the excavation and museumstorage. They built their own lab which accepted only samples which metGriffin's standards of unambiguous context, which pre-treatedsamples as carefully as current knowledge permitted, and which measuredthe radioactivity of gaseous carbon-dioxide. In its years of operation,more than 2000 age determinations were made and published, mostly in thejournalRadiocarbon. It was shown that the archaeological sequences proposedin Griffin's various syntheses were correct, but that thetime-spans involved were longer than suspected. The lab also pioneeredin the dating of Formative cultures of Central and South America, of thevery early Jomon ceramics of Japan and of many other areas.It was during this period that interests in the Siberian roots ofNorth American cultures led Griffin to travel in western Europe, and in1961 to visit Poland and Russia. Though he did not to his satisfactionresolve the issue of Siberian-American contacts (Griffin 1970), heindefatigably in��de��fat��i��ga��ble?adj.Incapable or seemingly incapable of being fatigued; tireless. See Synonyms at tireless.[Obsolete French ind��fatigable, from Latin visited sites and museums and learned much of new Europeanapproaches to studying the environmental contexts of archaeologicalsites. He made many friends, launched collaborative projects in Polandand then Yugoslavia, and became a US representative to the UISPP UISPP Union Internationale des Sciences Pr��historiques et Protohistoriques (French: International Union for Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences ), formany years serving on its Executive Committee.With the basic framework of North American prehistory wellestablished, in the later 1950s Griffin turned to the problem ofunderstanding cultural change, particularly the impact of environmentalchange on human communities. He planned research on this problem withAlbert Spaulding in the Great Lakes region The Great Lakes region can refer to: Great Lakes region (North America) African Great Lakes region , where the uplift of Holocenebeaches had left magnificent archaeological landscapes available forstudy. The proposal received one of the first National ScienceFoundation grants for archaeology. In this research, he could draw onMichigan's geologists and palaeo-botanists, on the Museum'sown strong Laboratory of Ethnobotany ethnobotany/eth��no��bot��a��ny/ (-bot��ah-ne) the systematic study of the interactions between a culture and the plants in its environment, particularly the knowledge about and use of such plants. under Volney Jones and on anenergetic generation of graduate students. The specifics of the fieldresearch were largely in the hands of Mark Papworth and Lewis Binford.The resulting influential studies of human ecology (Cleland 1966;Yarnell 1964), artefact See artifact. variability (Binford 1963) and socialorganization (MacPherron 1967), mark a transition towards a new approachto archaeology in North America.Foreseeing the accelerating changes within the field, Griffintransformed the Museum of Anthropology from an institution focused onNorth American culture history to an institution conducting training andresearch on issues of cultural evolution throughout the world. Beginningin the mid-1960s, he added curators with research interests inMesoamerica and the Andes, Europe and the Near East; the longstandingprogramme in ethnobotany was complemented by others in ethnozoology andhuman biology; individuals with strong skills in statistical analysisand computerized data management replaced the departed Spaulding. If hismuseum in Ann Arbor became a centre for new developments toward a'processual archaeology', however, Griffin was not about toshirk shirkIn Islam, idolatry and polytheism, both of which are regarded as heretical. The Qu'ran stresses that God does not share his powers with any partner (sharik) and warns that those who believe in idols will be harshly dealt with on the Day of Judgment. his responsibilities as an intellectual patriarch. He made itplain that he saw little value in evolutionary or behavioural theory.Ever-supportive with resources and requests for time away for fieldresearch, he was firm in criticism of what he saw as over-blown orpatently wrong theory, inadequate evidence and impolite im��po��lite?adj.Not polite; discourteous.[Latin impol behaviour.Another area of interest to North Americanists has been widetransport of exotic materials important in ritual display, among whichare marine shell, native copper, galena galena(gəlē`nə)or lead glance,lustrous, blue-gray mineral crystallizing usually in cubes, sometimes in octahedrons. It is the most important ore and the principal source of lead. , mica and obsidian. Griffinorganized a study of obsidian from the pre-Mississippian Hopewell ritualcentres using the neutron activation technique developed by chemist AdonGordus, demonstrating the 'dark black glass' had beentransported up to 2300 km from what is today Yellowstone Park (Griffinet al. 1969). In these studies, Griffin also set very strict criteriafor recognizing probable exchange, as opposed to simple procurement,delivering sharp lessons in rigour to deserving enthusiasts in manysubsequent trade disputes.By the early 1970s, Griffin was deeply involved in a project designedto provide data to evaluate ideas about the identification ofcommunities of the Mississippian culture as chiefdoms. It seemed logicalto him that only a project which combined the strategy of completesettlement excavation (used previously in America only in a few salvageprojects) with detailed plotting of artefacts in and around houses andsieving and flotation for subsistence remains, could show enduringdifferences in social rank. In southeastern Missouri, James Price haddiscovered a series of Mississippian villages burned after only a fewyears of occupation, and Griffin obtained funds for a near completeexcavation of two hamlets, two villages and part of the ceremonialcentre of the Powers Phase (Price & Griffin 1979; Smith 1978). Finalanalysis of these excavations by a team under Bruce Smith of theSmithsonian Institution is near completion. The massive interstatehighway programme gave archaeologists trained in the Powers Phaseproject, and many others, the opportunity to apply the same approach ofcomplete excavation and intensive debris sampling to the hamlets andcentres of the greatest of the Mississippian societies, that at Cahokianear modern St Louis, where Griffin sponsored excavations as long ago as1950. In his own overview of his career, Griffin (1985) makes little ofhis contribution as an advisor to the later work at Cahokia, but hisstamp, not only on the names of pottery types and cultural phases, buton the basic research approach, is profound. The prompt publication ofalmost 20 detailed monographs on this work is due in no small part tohis encouragement. Perusal of the recent overview publication edited byTimothy Pauketat & Thomas Emerson (1997) or a visit to themagnificent interpretative centre at Cahokia itself is certain tofascinate any serious scholar of archaeology.In his last years, Griffin was a Regents' Scholar at theSmithsonian, working on summary articles and overviews of conferences,both with the humour and the acerbic criticism for which he was justlyknown. Many remember best, however, his inimitable in��im��i��ta��ble?adj.Defying imitation; matchless.[Middle English, from Latin inimit ability to pause, tolook at you, and leave you thinking about an issue in a completely newway, without uttering a word.HENRY WRIGHT, Museum of Anthropology, University of MichiganReferencesBINFORD, L.R. 1963. The Pomranky Cache, in A. Montet-White, L.R.Binford & Mark L. Papworth, Miscellaneous studies in typology typology/ty��pol��o��gy/ (ti-pol��ah-je) the study of types; the science of classifying, as bacteria according to type. typologythe study of types; the science of classifying, as bacteria according to type. andclassification. Ann Arbor (MI): Museum of Anthropology. AnthropologicalPapers 19.CLELAND, C.E. 1966. Prehistoric animal ecology and ethnozoology ofthe Upper Great Lakes. Ann Arbor (MI): Museum of Anthropology.Anthropological Papers 29.GRIFFIN, J.B. 1938. The ceramic remains from Norris Basin, Tennesseein W.S. Webb (ed.), An archaeological survey of the Norris Basin inEastern Tennessee: 253-8. Washington (DC): Smithsonian Institution.Bulletin of American Ethnology ethnology(ĕthnŏl`əjē), scientific study of the origin and functioning of human cultures. It is usually considered one of the major branches of cultural anthropology, the other two being anthropological archaeology and 118.1943. The Fort Ancient Aspect, its cultural and chronologicalposition in Mississippi Valley archaeology. Ann Arbor (MI): Universityof Michigan Press.1946. Cultural change and continuity in Eastern United Statesarchaeology in F. Johnson (ed.), Man in northeastern North America:37-95. Andover (MA): Peabody Foundation. Archaeological Papers 3.1952. Archaeology of the Eastern United States. Chicago (IL):University of Chicago Press The University of Chicago Press is the largest university press in the United States. It is operated by the University of Chicago and publishes a wide variety of academic titles, including The Chicago Manual of Style, dozens of academic journals, including .1970. Northeastern Asian and northwestern American ceramics,Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Anthropological andEthnological eth��nol��o��gy?n.1. The science that analyzes and compares human cultures, as in social structure, language, religion, and technology; cultural anthropology.2. Sciences 3: 327-30. Tokyo/Kyoto: Science Council of Japan.1985. An individual's participation in American archaeology,1928-1985, Annual Review of Anthropology 14: 1-23.GRIFFIN, J.B., A.A. GORDUS & G.A. WRIGHT. 1969. Identification ofsources of Hopewellian obsidian in the Middle West, American Antiquity24(1): 1-14.MACPHERRON, A. 1967. The Juntunen Site and the Late WoodlandPrehistory of the Upper Great Lakes Area. Ann Arbor (MI): Museum ofAnthropology. Anthropological Papers 30.MCKERN, W.C. 1937. The Midwestern taxonomic system as an aid toarchaeological culture study, American Antiquity 4: 301-13.PAUKETAT, T.R. & T.E. EMERSON. 1996. Cahokia: Domination andideology in the Mississippian world. Lincoln (NE): University ofNebraska Press....PHILLIPS, P., J.A. FORD & J.B. GRIFFIN. 1951. Archaeologicalsurvey in the Lower Mississippi Valley 1940-47. Cambridge (MA): HarvardUniversity Press The Harvard University Press is a publishing house, a division of Harvard University, that is highly respected in academic publishing. It was established on January 13, 1913. In 2005, it published 220 new titles. . Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeologyand Ethnology 25.PRICE, J.E. & J.B. GRIFFIN. 1979. The Snodgrass site of thePowers Phase of Southeast Missouri. Ann Arbor (MI): Museum ofAnthropology. Anthropological Papers 66.SMITH, B.D. 1978. Prehistoric patterns of human behavior: a casestudy in the Mississippi Valley. New York (NY): Academic.YARNELL, R.A. 1964. Aboriginal relations between culture and plantlife in the Upper Great Lakes region. Ann Arbor (MI): Museum ofAnthropology. Anthropological Papers 23.The Royal Commission on Historical Monuments for Scotland hasrecently completed its Sites and Monuments Record and has placed it onthe World Wide Web, where it can now be widely consulted and used. DIANAMURRAY writes:The National Monuments Record of Scotland - OnlineThe National Monuments Record of Scotland (NMRS NMRS National Monuments Record of Scotland (RCAHMS)NMRS Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (measures tissue chemical components)NMRS Near-term Mine Reconnaissance System (US Navy)) receives over 12,000enquiries from around the world each year, many of which could beanswered by users for themselves if they had direct access to the data.Many enquiries are received from overseas, particularly from those insearch of their 'roots', from Canada, USA, Australia and NewZealand New Zealand(zē`lənd), island country (2005 est. pop. 4,035,000), 104,454 sq mi (270,534 sq km), in the S Pacific Ocean, over 1,000 mi (1,600 km) SE of Australia. The capital is Wellington; the largest city and leading port is Auckland. . Closer to home, difficulties of topography in Scotland meanthat access to visitors from the Outer and Northern Isles and theHighlands of Scotland is restricted. Distance learning is taking off ina big way in Scotland and it is hoped that the initiatives of the RoyalCommission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland (RCAHMS) is an executive non-departmental public body financed by the Scottish Parliament through the Architecture Policy Unit of the Tourism, Culture and Sport Group of the Education Department of the (RCAHMS RCAHMS Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland )will contribute some of the raw material for education and research overa much larger constituency than has hitherto been possible.To promote the NMRS to a wider number of users in higher education,in research, and those who have a general interest, RCAHMS has developeda user interface that allows direct access to the NMRS database over theInternet. CANMORE-Web (Computer Application for National MOnumentsRecord Enquiries) allows users to query the NMRS database online, usinga number of criteria including name, location, type and keyword, and isdesigned to ensure that users with the barest minimum of computerexperience will be able to operate it effectively.CANMORE-Web has been developed in partnership with ORACLE UK Ltd.This is an interface which is embedded in the RCAHMS Home pages on theWWW which are currently being further developed to include informationabout the work of RCAHMS and the public services offered by the NMRS.CANMORE-Web allows the user to enter a query which is then sent over theInternet to the NMRS database located in the RCAHMS.The computerization of the NMRS archaeology records was completed in1990 and work is now progressing on the capture of the catalogue to thearchitectural collections which is due for completion in 1999. Thisproject has already encompassed 40% of Scotland's land massincluding the areas covered by the old Regions of Highland, Fife, andBorders and work is well under way on the 34 catalogue volumes relatingto the City of Edinburgh. The available data comprises locationalinformation, statutory data - linked directly to HistoricScotland's database in a live link, descriptions of the site takenfrom OS cards, RCAHMS field reports, selected publication summaries, asummary of the archive collections held by NMRS relating to the site -which may include aerial photographs, archaeological archives andarchitects' plans and drawings, and bibliographical references.Restrictions are in place to avoid extensive commercial use of whatis intended to be (in its development phase) a free research tool, but acharging mechanism may be introduced in due course for some functions.Up to 100 sites can be retrieved as the result of each enquiry in asummary list and they may be selected to be viewed individually.National Grid references are available up to 6-figure accuracy. Accessis restricted to the catalogue of collections because of issues ofinterpretation of information, much of which has been designed in thepast more for internal retrieval purposes than for elucidation ofcontent. Warnings are in place relating to responsible use and access tosites. RCAHMS' policy is that information should be made availablewhere possible as irresponsible and anti-social behaviour relating tosites on the ground is not prevented by restricting information.CANMORE-Web is available at http://www.rcahms.gov.uk and will be ontrial until April 1998, when it will be launched to a wider audience. Wewould welcome readers' comments on this service. The NMRS is openfrom 9.30 a.m.-4.30 p.m. Monday-Thursday and 9.30 a.m.-4.00 p.m. onFriday. Tel. (0)131662-1456, FAX (0)131-662-1477/1499, e-mailnmrs@rcahms.gov.ukWe are pleased to announce ANTIQUITY's continuing support of theTheoretical Archaeology Group (TAG) Conference Quiz. A team composed ofALASDAIR WHITTLE, SARA Saraor Sarah,in the Bible, wife of Abraham and mother of Isaac. With Rebekah, Rachel, and Leah, she was one of the four Hebrew matriarchs. Her name was originally Sarai [Heb.,=princess]. CHAMPION, CLAIRE WHITTLE and NADIA JACKSON wonthe December 1997 quiz, which consisted of an imaginative range ofquestions composed by the previous editor. They will receive asubscription to the best source for next year's quiz answers, whichwill be prepared by PROF. ALASDAIR WHITTLE (see below for TAG 1998).Prizes(1)You may remember the first award of the BEN CULLEN PRIZE last year toa young researcher 'of the new generation', a fitting memorialmade possible through the kind generosity of IAN IAN Interactive Affiliate NetworkIAN i am nothingIAN Instrumentation & Automation NewsIAN Ianuarius (Latin: January)IAN Instituto Agronomico Nacional (Paraguay)IAN Incident Area Network COLLOP col��lop?n.1. A small portion of food or a slice, especially of meat.2. A roll of fat flesh.[Middle English. . This year theBEN CULLEN PRIZE, a prize to the value of [pounds]500, is awarded toGLENN R. STOREY for his article 'The population of ancientRome' published in December 1997. Glenn is an Assistant Professorin the Department of Anthropology in the University of Iowa Not to be confused with Iowa State University.The first faculty offered instruction at the University in March 1855 to students in the Old Mechanics Building, situated where Seashore Hall is now. In September 1855, the student body numbered 124, of which, 41 were women. .The ANTIQUITY PRIZE, of [pounds]1000, now in its fourth year of awardand for a contribution of special merit, is awarded to JOHN E. TERRELLand ROBERT L. WELSCH for their stimulating article 'Lapira and thetemporal geography of prehistory', published in September 1997.Noticeboard noticeboardnotice (Brit) n → Anschlagbrett ntPlease note that the ANTIQUITY Supplement will be gatheringinformation on Events, Conferences, Exhibitions, Post-graduate Courses,Meetings, Archaeological Services and publishers information in future.Please see below for the details of this new service to ANTIQUITYreaders.SeminarFinds Research Group AD 700-1700 Religious Sites, ReligiousArtefacts? Guildford Museum, Surrey Monday 27 April, 1998Details from Quita Mould, Christmas Cottage, Choseley, Kings Lynn,Norfolk, PE31 8PQ, England. Tel. (0)148-512443.Conferences: announcements and calls for papers 26th ComputerApplications in Archaeology Barcelona, Spain 24-28 March 1998New techniques for old times, Old towns, virtual towns, 1st Festivalon virtual reality for archaeology. Details from Juan A. Barcelo,Divisio de Prehistoria, Facultat de Lletres, Universitat Autonoma deBarcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.E-mail ilphd@blues.uab.es and website http//blues.uah.es/~ilphd/caa98Society for American Archaeology The Society for American Archaeology (SAA) is the largest organization of professional archaeologists of the Americas in the world. The Society was founded in 1934 and today has over 7000 members. - 63rd meeting Seattle (WA), USA25-29 March 1998Further information from Society for American Archaeology, 900 SecondStreet NE #12, Washington DC 20002, USA.Cambridge Conference on Archaeology and World religions: The examplesof Juadaism, Islam, Christianity, Hindusim and Buddhism St John'sCollege, Cambridge, England 14-16 April 1998Details from Dr Tim Insoll, St John's College, Cambridge CB21TP, England. FAX (0)1223-337720.E-mail TAI1000@hermes.cam.ac.ukSettlement and landscape University of Aarhus HistoryIt was founded in 1928 as Universitetsundervisningen i Jylland ("University Teaching in Jutland") in classrooms rented from the Technical College and a teaching corps consisting of one professor of philosophy and four Readers of Danish, English, German and , Denmark 4-7 May 1998Details from Secretariat of Conference Settlement and Landscape,Forhistorisk Arkaeologi, Moesgard, DK 8270 Hojberg, Denmark. FAX(45)-86-27-23-78.E-mail farkbr@moes.hum.aau.dkResearch Strategies for Independent Archaeology Society ofAntiquaries Society of Antiquaries can refer to: Society of Antiquaries of London Society of Antiquaries of Scotland Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-upon-Tyne Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland , London, England 16 May 1998Details from Andrew Selkirk, 9 Nassington Road, London NW3 2TX,England. Tel. (0)171-435-751714th International Congress of Anthropological and EthnologicalSciences. The 21st Century: The Century of Anthropology The College ofWilliam & Mary, Williamsburg (VA), USA 26 July-1 August 1998Details from ICALES, PO Box 8795, Williamsburg VA 23187-8795, USA.FAX 757-221-1734.E-mail oxcasa@facstaff.wm.edu and website http://www.wm.edu/ICAESNeolithic Orkney in its European Context Kirkwall, Orkney, Scotland10-14 September 1998Orkney Heritage Society The Orkney Heritage Society, Orkney, Scotland, is a nonprofit organisation founded in 1967.It promotes "the beauty, history and character of Orkney" as well as "high standards of architecture and planning" in Orkney. . Details from Conference Secretary, KatherineTowsey, c/o Tankerness House Museum, Broad Street, Kirkwall, Orkney KW151DH, Scotland.E-mail 113277.554@compuserve.comEuropean Association of Archaeologists 4th Annual Meeting Goteborg,Sweden 23-27 September 1998Details from Meeting Secretariat of the EAA Annual Meeting 1998, Deptof Archaeology, Goteborg University, S-412 98 Goteborg, Sweden. FAX(46)31-773-51-82.E-mail EAA-98@archaeology.gu.se and website www.hum.gu.se/~ arkeaaTAGBirmingham, England 19-21 December 1998For further information of dates and programme seehttp://www.bham.ac.uk/tag98World Archaeology Congress 4 Cape Town, South Africa 10-14 January1999Further details from Congress Secretariat, PO Box 44503, Claremont7735, South AfricaE-mail wac@globalconf.co.za and websitehttp://www.uct.ac.za/depts/age/wacRoman Archaeology Conference University of Durham (body, education) University of Durham - A busy research and teaching community in the historic cathedral city of Durham, UK (population 61000). Its work covers key branches of science and technology and traditional areas of scholarship. , Durham, EnglandFriday 16-Sunday 18 April 1999To include Research agendas for Roman Britain, Gallia Narbonensis.Further information from Dr S. T. James, Dept Archaeology, University ofDurham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, England. FAX (0)191-374-3619.E-mail s.t.james@dur.ac.ukSymposiaArchaeology, New Techniques, New Knowledge. Institute of FieldArchaeologists The Institute of Field Archaeologists is a professional organisation for archaeologists in the United Kingdom. Its headquarters are at the School of Human and Environmental Science, in the University of Reading. in association with the University of Cambridge New Hall,Cambridge, England 27-28 March 1998GIS, Conservation, Internet, Virtual Reality, Scientific Analysis,Dating Techniques, Computer Aided Design (application) Computer Aided Design - (CAD) The part of CAE concerning the drawing or physical layout steps of engineering design. Often found in the phrase "CAD/CAM" for ".. manufacturing". , Terrain Modelling, GeophysicalTechniques, Electronic Publishing. Parallel events on Saturday 28 March,activities, workshop, displays, for all ages. Details from IFA Office,University of Reading, 2 Early Gate, PO Box 239, Reading RG6 6AU,England. Tel/FAX (0)118 9316446.Siberian Panorama through the Millennia, commemorating the 90thanniversary of Academician A.P. Okladnikov Institute of Archaeology The Institute of Archaeology is an academic department of University College London (UCL), in the United Kingdom. The Institute is located in a separate building at the north end of Gordon Square, Bloomsbury. andEthnography, Novosibirsk, Russia 19 July 19-2 August 1998Sessions and field trips, Russian and English presentations. Detailsfrom Organizing Committee, Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, SBRAS (1) See network access server.(2) (Remote Access Service) A Windows NT/2000 Server feature that allows remote users access to the network from their Windows laptops or desktops via modem. See RRAS and network access server. , 17 Lavrentiev Ave, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia. FAX 3832-357791.E-mail root@archaeology.nsc.ruWorkshopThinking through the BodyDepartment of Archaeology, University of Wales Affiliated institutionsCardiff University Cardiff was once a full member of the University but has now left (though it retains some ties). When Cardiff left, it merged with the University of Wales College of Medicine (which was also a former member). , Lainpeter 20-22 June1998Sessions include The Consuming Body, Death and the Body,Decorating/modifying the Body, Bodily Memory, Bodily Metaphors andMaterial Culture. Details from Dr Mark Pluciennik, Department ofArchaeology, University of Wales, Lampeter HistoryWhen Thomas Burgess was appointed Bishop of St David's in 1803 he almost immediately identified the need to establish a College in which Welsh ordinands could receive a higher education. , Ceredigion SA49 7ED, Wales.FAX (0)1570-423669.E-mail m.pluciennik@lamp.ac.ukThe Antiquity SupplementFrom June ANTIQUITY will be including a supplement to the mainjournal. It replaces the Noticeboard and will include publicity on awide range of archaeological publishing, events, programmes andservices. Sections will include:Publishers and JournalsConferences, Symposia, Seminars and MeetingsEducation: Masters and Postgraduate programmes, Summer Schools andAdult EducationResearch: Studentships, Research Assistants, Research Grants,Research SearchesAppointments: Academic, Museum, Field Archaeology, ConsultancyArchaeological Services: Laboratories, Specialist Services, SuppliesExhibitions: Museums, Galleries, Sites, Special EventsWebsites and Computer ArchaeologyAdvertising space will be available at two rates, non-commercial andcommercial. A box or multiples of (c. 45x60mm/1.35x2.35") will costfrom [pounds]10/ $20 per unit. Commercial space is available at[pounds]235/ $450 per full page. Third World countries should inquirefor special arrangements. The Supplement will be printed on A5 (148x210mm/5.8x8.3") in black and white. For further information on placingnotices please contact Libby Peachey at Antiquity, New Hall, CambridgeCB3 0DF, England. Tel/FAX (0)1223 357075 or e-mail catm20@cus.cam.ac.ukANTIQUITY retains the right to select advertising materialappropriate to the interests of archaeology and the journal.1 The ANTIQUITY Prize is funded out of our own resources, accumulatedout of subscriptions. The judges for both prizes were ChristopherChippindale and Anthony Sinclair, as the two editors associated with therunning of the journal on an everyday basis, and Warwick Bray andAnthony Harding as ANTIQUITY Trustees. The choice was made from allcontributions to volume 71.