Editorial.

Editorial. An unkind (as I felt) correspondent - when I remarked in an editorialon the standing archaeology of the Second World War, as still concretelyvisible on the Normany beaches - told me that the Editor's holidaysare none of ANTIQUITY readers' business or interest. When this JulyI went down part of the 1000 kilometres of the Western Front that runfrom the North Sea at Zeebrugge to the Swiss border, it was a matter ofbusiness and editorial obligation.My grandfather fought in a European war (the Great War of 1914-18, onthe Western Front, and won an MC and was gassed and never whollyrecovered from the gassing); my father fought in a European war (outsideEurope, and it changed him); I have not, and am now of an age I likelywould not; my children, well-informed young people, are perfectly awareof the facts of two European and world wars - yet they find it hard tograsp there being such a degree of national acrimony ac��ri��mo��ny?n.Bitter, sharp animosity, especially as exhibited in speech or behavior.[Latin crim within westernEurope Western EuropeThe countries of western Europe, especially those that are allied with the United States and Canada in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (established 1949 and usually known as NATO). that it could lead to a war. (Aware of the other European war ofthis century that has had Sarajevo as a key, they like me have neverfelt they understood the ancient base of cruel animosities or theirmodern exploitation that has fired the wars of the collapsing wreck ofYugoslavia - or the endless tragedy of divided Ireland.)This summer has been the 81st anniversary of the largest of theBattles of the Somme, which opened 1 July 1916. The time is nearlypassed for personal memories. So there will be no more books, like aboveall MARTIN MIDDLEBROOK's, written with benefit of first-handmemory.(1) We now have the documentary record and the physical remains.This was the infamous mud of Flanders, chalk turned to clay, with thevery streams blocked by the shelling then overtopping their weak banks;here is the Tranchee des Bayonnettes at Verdun, where part of a Frenchregiment were overwhelmed to suffocate suf��fo��catev.1. To impair the respiration of; asphyxiate.2. To suffer from lack of oxygen; to be unable to breathe.suf or drown when a trench caved in;just their bayonets survived, sticking in disciplined line up and out ofthe watery earth. What is the physical archaeology of the Western Frontas it stands today? What has withstood 80 years of natural healing natural healingAlternative healing Alternative health Any healing technique that may be rooted in supernaturalist methods. See Absent healing, Acupuncture, Acupressure, Alexander technique, Applied kinesiology, Ayurvedic medicine, Bioenergetics, Cayce therapies, in atemperate landscape? And how do the memorials of the Great War looktoday as the material expression of the Great War in modern memory? Theywere built by brothers, fathers, cousins; now the immediate remembranceof the war is itself moving distant into history, they are becomingimpersonal.Yet the Great War does not diminish in present respect. Rather thereverse. It is many years now that the exact anniversary of the 1918Armistice Armistice(Nov. 11, 1918) Agreement between Germany and the Allies ending World War I. Allied representatives met with a German delegation in a railway carriage at Rethondes, France, to discuss terms. The agreement was signed on Nov. - the two minutes' silence at the Eleventh Hour of theEleventh Day of the Eleventh Month - was shuffled sideways to beremembered instead on the nearest Sunday, whatever date that falls. Butthe last few years in Britain have seen a hankering to return to thetrue and exact anniversary, a wish encouraged but not created by theBritish Legion. Why does this human story, among so many brutalities ofa century, carry now a force that is renewing itself?. Is it because itnow seems so pointless and its cause so obscure, as a crushing ritual ofstruggle between old European as used in archaeology, Neolithic Europe, Old European culture (6500-2800 BC) as used in linguistics, Old European hydronymy (ca. 2500-1500 BC) powers, rather than a war in which onegrasps a real element of just morals, of something that was good andsomething that was evil?Battles, for the most part, take days or even just hours, so there isoften nothing now to see on the ground: instead, the topography mayinform - here is the defended crest, there is the valley of advance -when we know how it structured affairs. At Towton, scene of thebloodiest battle on British soil, AD 1461, we do not even know that; anda mass grave A mass grave is a grave containing multiple, usually unidentified human corpses. There is no strict definition of the minimum number of bodies required to constitute a mass grave. encountered there in summer 1996 was re-buried withoutarchaeological study. So the enduring monuments of war are the fixedpoints, the bases from which mobile forces moved: the armoured submarinepens in western France, and the airfields of the Second World War insouthern England reported in the June ANTIQUITY: and the staticdefences, whether the hillforts of later European prehistory prehistory,period of human evolution before writing was invented and records kept. The term was coined by Daniel Wilson in 1851. It is followed by protohistory, the period for which we have some records but must still rely largely on archaeological evidence to , the showy show��y?adj. show��i��er, show��i��est1. Making an imposing or aesthetically pleasing display; striking: showy flowers.2. medieval castles, or the Martello towers of the British coastanticipating Napoleon's invasion, and the pillboxes anticipatingHitler's.The First World War was overwhelmingly a static war of defence, astationary slog on the Western Front,(2) until the invention of the tankas an all-terrain armoured vehicle of attack made it move again; and theshell-smashed landscapes in the period photographs - images del'enfer, as the French call them - are physical as can be. Yetnearly all the Front is become rich fields once again, the wheatlands ofthe European bread-basket; 80 years of time and of greening plants, andof the patient diligence of Picardie farmers have seen to that, just astheir forebears must have recovered the land after Crecy (AD 1346: nostanding earthworks) and after Dury (AD 1870: no standing earthworks),and again after the battles of the Somme bridges (AD 1940: practicallyno standing earthworks), and events of AD 1944 (when armoured divisionsran across the departement in less than 24 hours: no standingearthworks). Where the earthworks do survive is in the woods, undertrees now standing 80 years high, where you learn rapidly to recognizethe patterned zig-zag of a trench line. (Trenches always zig-zagged so abursting shell would not kill all down the line.) The rest, the mass ofshell-holes of all sizes, has no pattern; and the detail of intercuttinghollows is masked when there are brambles and scrub. What is telling isthe absence of flat surfaces: these are not hollows within aground-level, but an undulation undulation/un��du��la��tion/ (un?ju-) (un?dyu-la��shun)1. a wavelike motion; see also pulsation.2. a wavelike appearance, outline, or form. made only of dips and hollows. Come tothe end of the wood, and the clean profile of arable begins, a smoothingsurface re-asserted. You see this most clearly at Serre, at the edge ofthe woodland that today is preserved as the Manchester Regiment'smemorial. The trenches that are plain within the wood will beyond bevisible - if at all - only from the air as chalk-marks in the bare soilof winter.So the surface archaeology is largely gone, as it needed to do afterthe scale of destruction, and the matching need to restore homes andlives. So many young Frenchmen died that national demography and socialstructure were upset for half a century. As many as one-third of thevillages of the Somme departement were effectively demolished, and thenre-made in the 1920s. The visual clue to those now is in the standingbuildings - but not in any planned homogeneity; when the whole ruinedtown of Albert was rebuilt, it was done plot-by-plot and usuallyreplicating pretty well what stood on each before. Instead one justobserves a lack of buildings of more than 80 years ago. Where even theold-style courtyard farms are of 20th-century brick, look to the churchfor the deciding evidence. This will always be Gothic; when it is all ofa piece in a 1920s Gothic, usually in strong red brick with stonedetailing, you know this to be another re-created village.A feature of the First World War was the sappers' mining,facilitated by the Western Front geology of clay-and-loess over chalk;chalk is strong enough to support a tunnel, weak enough to blow up well.Long tunnels were driven down and forward in the chalk bedrock under theopponents' trenches and packed with ammonal or guncotton guncotton:see nitrocellulose. explosive;terrorist attacks in our own decade, when a ton or two offertilizer-based mix is set off in a truck in London or Oklahoma City,show us the force of this mass of stuff. These mines were fired justbefore an attack, intended to crush and shake the enemy, and to offer asheltering lip around the resulting crater. Some of the rock must havejust gone straight up and come straight down again, with bodiesintermingled; enough flew further to leave the most tremendous holes.There has been not much systematic preservation of mine craters. Atthe Butte Butte, city, United StatesButte(byt), city (1990 pop. 33,336), seat of Silver Bow co., SW Mont.; inc. 1879. It is a trade, ranching, and industrial center. de Vauquois, an entire hill-top village was so mined andcounter-mined (once the ordinary conflict of shell and bullet andflamethrower flamethrower,mechanism for shooting a burning stream of liquid or semiliquid fuel at enemy troops or positions. Primitive types of flamethrowers, consisting of hollow tubes filled with burning coals, sulfur, or other materials, came into use as early as the 5th cent. and poison gas poison gas,any of various gases sometimes used in warfare or riot control because of their poisonous or corrosive nature. These gases may be roughly grouped according to the portal of entry into the body and their physiological effects. stymied between front-line trenchesseparated by only 40 metres) that the ridge is now hollowed completelyout, as if quarried thoroughly through on a grand scale; Vauquois now isrecognized as a monument classe, with the new village retreatedprudently down the slope. Elsewhere it is only the very largestmine-craters which survive simply as holes quite beyond ploughingthrough and even too big to fill up with rubble and rubbish; thevillagers of La Boiselle slowly reclaimed their land over more than adozen, until just one is left: 'Lochnagar Crater', blown with27 tonnes of ammonal at 2 minutes before Zero Hour on I July 1916 tobreak the Schwaben Hohe position. The largest single hole on the WesternFront, it is now a neat symmetrical crater, shaped entirely like apudding-basin, with a big lip of chalk rubble. Seeing the fieldssmoothing and creeping closer, RICHARD DUNNING, a private Britishcitizen, purchased it as his own act of preservation a dozen yearsago.(3)With so much gone - apart from larger mine craters, the brambledundulations in woods, and a dwindling 'iron harvest' ofunexploded shells ploughed up each winter - the visible mark on thelandscape is more than ever in the war cemeteries and the createdmemorials. Their nature, and the archaeological story they tell, isdirected by different circumstances of battle and then by differentnational policies towards the war dead. Advancing armies, especiallywhen they move to a new fixed line that endures, have opportunity andinclination to recover and to care for their own dead, more so thanthose of the enemy they also deal with. Retreating armies loseopportunity to recover their own. More than in most wars, the staticartillery exchanges of the Western Front smashed and re-smashed groundand the bodies lying on it. On the Somme alone, 99,631 British gravesare of soldiers identified, but 53,409 of unidentified; approximately106,973 soldiers were (and are) missing, which leaves up to 53,564 ofthem still in or under what is now the ploughsoil.(4) When the new andnot large South African memorial museum was built in Delville Wood in1987, three British bodies were encountered, who now lie under addedgrave-markers in Delville Wood cemetery close by.Of the Allies, the United States repatriates the dead if families sowish, which some 60% did for the Western Front. Those who stayed wereconcentrated into a very few large cemeteries. For the Somme there isBony, ordered ranks of whitest marble crosses (Stars of David for Jewishdead), Stars-and-Stripes on a high flag-pole at the centre, memorialchapel (superb design by GEORGE HOWE, 1930); all kept spruce and neat ascan be. Following US attitudes to veterans, there are burials here thatone would not find in other nationalities' cemeteries. A firstgrave-marker I took note of there was of a woman nurse who died afterwar's end.The British did not permit repatriation RepatriationThe process of converting a foreign currency into the currency of one's own country.Notes:If you are American, converting British Pounds back to U.S. dollars is an example of repatriation. , though bodies were movedwithin the country where a soldier fell. Like the other nationalities,the British did not generally separate their dead by rank. All shall lietogether, ordered in rows as if in eternal parade, but each will be anindividual: so many of the grave-stones are marked at the head 'ASOLDIER OF THE GREAT WAR', and at the foot 'KNOWN UNTOGOD'. For their unidentified dead, the French chose instead to usemass graves - ossuaires - and so did the Germans - Kameradengraber,generally placed at the rear of the cemetery, behind the individualgraves.Different nationalities favoured different materials and differentstyles in their cemeteries. And the cemeteries were made in the yearsafter the Versailles peace settlement, in a certain atmosphere withinFrance towards Germany. The French unluckily chose concrete for theirgrave-marking crosses, a visible mistake now the reinforcing iron isbursting the weakened concrete apart; so they are having to replace themarkers (choosing instead a plastic-cummarble composite material whichdoubtless comes with a life-time guarantee). The German used woodencrosses, which rotted with time and are now replaced with black metalcrosses. The British used stone, which looks well (though new slabs offacing stone on memorials show the quiet maintenance needed to keep themso). French cemeteries fly the tricolore flag; they favour light-redroses between the graves. The German cemeteries are dark, just grass andevergreen shrubs. The British are flowered, in a more varied way; thestandardized British memorials look very well seven decades on, in whosechoice the British Museum director FREDERIC KENYON had a deciding hand.For this archaeologist, a hard aspect to the human lives weprofessionally deal with is the impersonality, the lack of names: forwhat human story is not first and best told by the names of thecharacters? Whoever, apart from a sociologist, when given the choicemade the story in terms of impersonals? And after war or disaster, ourculture's habit is to make such an effort to identify theindividual, so there will be a known body in a known grave to prove aknown life under a known name.On the Somme is the Commonwealth war-cemetery extension to thecimetiere communale at Worloy-Baillon, well back from the front lines;in this village was a hospital (the building is now the maison deretraite) where the wounded were taken. In its visitors' book aresignatures of the family of Private WILLIE BENNETT, King's OwnYorkshire Light Infantry, died 8 July 1916, aged 30, who visited on 8July 1997 and left flowers on his grave. There are 28 dead from that oneday buried in his line, among them, to name three names:Lance Cpl E. MAYNARD Pvte H. SCOTT Pvte ALBERT VICTOR MOTHIn the naming of names, one hopes to recover some human element. Fromindividual graves of the Deutsche Kriegsgraberstate Fricourt:GERHARD GERHARD German Harvest Automated Retrieval and Directory ZEUREN Ersatz er��satz?adj.Being an imitation or a substitute, usually an inferior one; artificial: ersatz coffee made mostly of chicory.See Synonyms at artificial. . Reservist re��serv��ist?n.A member of a military reserve.reservistNouna member of a nation's military reserveNoun 1. EUGEN WERZ Unteroffizier JOSEF JOSEF Joint OT&E Simulation Environment Facility (JITC)BECKErsatz. ReservistNamed on the walls of the Bony chapel, amongst the 333 listedmissing:D'ANNOLFO SALVATORE Pvt DARR FRANK Pvt DAVIDOFF BERNARD PvtAt St Hilaire-le-Grand, in the Russian cemetery, where a white chapelwith golden onion-dome tower gives Orthodox touch to a cemeteryotherwise in the French manner:KOURGTCHOFF NICOLAS NICOLAS Network Information Center On-Line Aid System SOROKINE SIMEON KOUZNETZOFF STEPHANAnd in the same cemetery, as in others, the fewer graves of the nextconflict, amongst them:SSOSLENCR SOLDAT SOVIETIQUE MORT POUR LA PATRIE le 2-1-1943What does it say to say the names, to carve the names, when all thereis in a name is the name - if Kourgtchoff and Sorokine and Kouznetzoffare not also known in some human memory as individual individuals?Prehistory is by definition about the unnamed, and perhaps there is atougher truth there. Next to the Russian graves from the Great War at StHilaire-le-Grand is a mass grave for Soviet troops of the Second War,with a collected inscription and no names, expression of a differentattitude towards the individual and the collective. In a well-titledreview-article in this issue, 'Body of knowledge/Knowledge ofbody', MARGARET W. CONKEY notices WIKTOR STOCZKOWSKI'Swell-titled Anthropologie native, anthropologie savante, a book abouthuman origins, imagination and received ideas: 'if certain theoriesseduce us, it is [often] because they confirm our private naiveconvictions, legitimized by means of some appearances of a scientificnature'. The individual names have been kept precious on theWestern Front and - in some national military cemeteries - the integrityof the individual's physical body: names of regiments, names ofplaces, names by which we naifs choose to legitimate our worldSouth from the Somme is Verdun, strongpoint strong��point?n.A military stronghold. in the French sector,where the static war reached its fullest intensity of unhumanbloodiness. Here, where the destruction was past recovery, theindividual is most lost. There is hectare upon hectare of woodlandpecked and pocked with the shell-holes. Nine villages of the hills eastof the town, beyond any rebuilding, have become just names in the woods:BEAUMONT - BEZONVAUX - CUMIERES DOUAUMONT - FLEURY - HAUMONTLOUVEMONT - ORNES - VAUX-DEVANT-DAMLOUPThe bony bits of about 132,000 dead, French and German mixed, wereretrieved from the Verdun ground; these are heaped as disconnected bonesin the basement of the great ossuary at Douaumont. This long lowbuilding is unhappily evocative of a military submarine in form, with acentral tower (paid for by the United States) unhappily evocative of aPolaris nuclear missile in form. The upper floor is the memorial, withnames of some individuals:ALEXIS BE BERTIER DE SAUVIGNY 23.10.1896 - 9.3.1916and of some cities which define our human world:NEW YORK New York, state, United StatesNew York,Middle Atlantic state of the United States. It is bordered by Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and the Atlantic Ocean (E), New Jersey and Pennsylvania (S), Lakes Erie and Ontario and the Canadian province of - LONDON - WASHINGTON - BRUXELLES QUEBEC - ST BRIEUC -RENNES - TOULOUSEHello!, a magazine whose purpose is to celebrate the celebrated (somefamous only for being famous), has found itself with a reputation forill-fortune. Just as everyone who sees Tutankhamun's tomb dies inthe end, so a rapid curse of Hello! is said to break marriages andpartnerships the moment they are feted in its pages. Is there a curse ofANTIQUITY? Tempvs Reparatvm went bust when we welcomed its reviving theBritish Archaeological Reports which had gone under before withoutANTIQUITY'S help. (British Archaeological Reports, rescued from thenew wreck, are now published by JOHN & ERICA HEDGES: good luck!, ifthat is not a curse - BAR is a useful element on the publishing scene.)And now the archaeology section in the research school at the AustralianNational University (ANU Anu(ā`n), ancient sky god of Sumerian origin, worshiped in Babylonian religion. ) has been sentenced to death in due response tomy having welcomed in ANTIQUITY its re-foundation as a Division ofArchaeology and Natural History.(5)The closing of the foremost research unit in Australian archaeologyis an odd act. It makes no sense in the frame of the disciplinenationally, where emerging regional centres - now established even inthe outback Northern Territory - sensibly focus on regional pictures(though, Australia being a whole continent, a smaller picture there isbigger than any one European national picture). It makes no senseinternationally, since the ANU department has led in working across thebroad region, in Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea(păp`ə, –y and in the new Pacific nations likeVanuatu, where co-operation in matters of cultural heritage withgenerous-minded Australian and New Zealand New Zealand(zē`lənd), island country (2005 est. pop. 4,035,000), 104,454 sq mi (270,534 sq km), in the S Pacific Ocean, over 1,000 mi (1,600 km) SE of Australia. The capital is Wellington; the largest city and leading port is Auckland. institutions like ANU and theAustralian Museum in Sydney are of the essence. Since cultural mattersdo matter, it makes no sense in terms of Australian national interestsin relation to its neighbouring nations of the western Pacific (and ANUas the Australian National University should notice national interest!).It certainly makes no sense in terms of broad archaeologicalunderstanding, where Australian issues and Australian researchapproaches are of world importance: this is the same good reason whyANTIQUITY has given much space these last years to Australian andPacific work (this number included). Feedback from ANTIQUITY readers andcolleagues, incidentally, tells me that their interests remainbroad-minded. They have not demanded, instead, local reports in spiritconfined to Lower Little Snoring or Le P'tit<<Hillfort>> dit DITdi-iodotyrosine. Le-Crapaud-sur-Saone: in choosing what topublish, we ask referees, 'Is the article of interest, beyond thecontribution it makes to specifics?', and take much notice of theanswer. Key issues in Australian and Pacific archaeology - from thedistinctive nature of hunter-gatherer society and therefore ofhunter-gatherer archaeology through to the claims and'ownership' in the present of a complex and disputed past -are, rightly, key issues in global archaeology. Three papers that chanceto fall into this number and are printed as its opening articlesillustrate the point: I have started, by choice, with AMBROSE from thedamned ANU research unit; then SAND from the archaeology service inNouvelle-Caledonie; then TERRELL & WELSCH from the Field Museum inChicago. Their common specific subject is Lapita; the central unitingissue is the nature of the human affair represented by any distinctivearchaeological entitity.Where an odd and local logic comes into play is in the internalstructures of the ANU, and of Australian public funding. The details arehistorically specific; the issue is universal - how to fund ever-growinghigher education and research after such a traditional habit ofdependence on (ever-growing) public resources. The details follow fromthe unique and obsolete structure of the ANU, in which the subject ofarchaeology is split between two departments: one in the'faculties' is a conventional research, under- andpost-graduate teaching department (Department of Archaeology &Anthropology); the other is a research unit within the 'Instituteof Advanced Studies' (Division of Archaeology & Natural Historywithin the Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies). When theAustralian universities have a funding squeeze, when ANU seems elitist e��lit��ismor ����lit��ism ?n.1. The belief that certain persons or members of certain classes or groups deserve favored treatment by virtue of their perceived superiority, as in intellect, social status, or financial resources. in the wrong sense of the word, when its schizophrenic structure makesnot enough sense, when Pacific and Asian Studies within ANU choose to belargely economic and contemporary in their focus, when the future of thearchaeology programme appears a matter only for that other researchcommunity to decide - then the best outfit can be shut down withoutcause. The cock-up theory of how the world works wins once more!The petroglyphs of the Coa Valley, Portugal (ANTIQUITY nearly passim PASSIM - A simulation language based on Pascal.["PASSIM: A Discrete-Event Simulation Package for Pascal", D.H Uyeno et al, Simulation 35(6):183-190 (Dec 1980)]. by now), have finally been saved - insofar in��so��far?adv.To such an extent.Adv. 1. insofar - to the degree or extent that; "insofar as it can be ascertained, the horse lung is comparable to that of man"; "so far as it is reasonably practical he should practice as any human decision about ahuman landscape is definitive and final. The Portuguese government,having suspended work on the new dam whose lake would have flooded thefigures, has terminated that project for good. Instead a law passed inMay made the Coa Valley a National Monument in recognition of thepetroglyphs and their landscape. A good outcome.The drawing is from the full report with first-rate colourillustrations of the Portuguese Government's scientific commissionon the Coa figures: JOAO ZILHAO (ed.), Arte rupestre e pre-historia doVale do Coa: trabalhos de 1995-1996.(6) One figure of the four wereproduce here from the book is thought to be Neolithic/Chalcolithic inits character; the others, on the face of it, look jolly Palaeolithic tomy shortsighted eye! Debate as to the dating of the Coa figures willcontinue.22 June 1997 marked the 200th anniversary of John Frere's reportto the London Society of Antiquaries Society of Antiquaries can refer to: Society of Antiquaries of London Society of Antiquaries of Scotland Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-upon-Tyne Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland of implements from Hoxne, Suffolk:what came to be called handaxes which had been found 12 feet below thesurface in the bottom layer of undisturbed strata, a situation that - inthe remembered phrase - 'may tempt us to refer them to a veryremote period indeed, even beyond that of the present world'. Thereis nowhere in Britain with a proper on-site display of Pleistocenearchaeology in its stratigraphic stra��tig��ra��phy?n.The study of rock strata, especially the distribution, deposition, and age of sedimentary rocks.strat context. (Please may one be made atBoxgrove, with its near-in-place deposits and fragment of hominid hominidAny member of the zoological family Hominidae (order Primates), which consists of the great apes (orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and bonobos) as well as human beings. bone?)The best-known site at Swanscombe has the appearance of an abandoned andovergrown overgrownsaid of a part that has not been kept trimmed.overgrown hoofovergrown hooves put unusual stresses on bones and tendons and allow for distortion of the wall and sole. quarry on the edge of a grey housing estate.Upstream from Abbeville, northwest France, where Boucher de Perthes ageneration after Frere decisively made matching observations, is"Le Parc Archeologique de La Garenne a Cagny" in mixed coppicesecondary woodland, site classee le 15 decembre 1959, where threestanding sections within 100 metres show the manner of LowerPalaeolithic archaeology fitting for 1797, for 1897 and for 1997.Standing for 1797 are the crumbling walls of the scattered oldgravel-diggings (for the most part dating to the inter-war years, butquarried in the old manner), reached by the mountain-bikers' pathsthat nowadays curve between the trees. A section stands nearly 3 metreshigh. A metre of loess under the top-soil makes the upper part, withthat lovely smooth feel of fine dust when you roll it between yourfingers, but gritty too - it is redeposited. Then mixed and confusedgravels and chalks falling away in a talus. At base, under the slumpedstuff, gravels full of dark-grey rolled flints, which I guess is whereone looks for the implementiferous base.Standing for 1897 is the main witness section, rather taller, notslumped much yet, fenced for protection and with (vandalized) displayboards. This cut face is much more recent than 1897, of course, but theresearch essentials are those of the first part of this century,resolving a complex fluvial flu��vi��al?adj.1. Of, relating to, or inhabiting a river or stream.2. Produced by the action of a river or stream.[Middle English, from Latin and glacial sequence, with its re-workings,solifluctions and cryoturbations, so as to place its human element intoa determined Pleistocene sequence for Europe of four glacials and threeinterglacials.In progress in 1997 is the current site, cutting back on a granderscale from an old quarry face, with the sequence clearer: topsoil overmixed gravels over grey loess over lower gravels, stiff with flint.Protected by sheet plastic is a large open area of the lower gravels,ready for more painstaking excavation and three-dimensional plotting inthe best and diligent French manner. Above that in the face of theloess, a column of sample holes, and a larger rectangular grid of largersample holes, labelled with theft OSL OSL Open Source LabOSL Office of Student LifeOSL Open Source LicenseOSL Oregon State LibraryOSL Order of St Luke the PhysicianOSL Optical Stimulated LuminescenceOSL Oud Strijders Legioen (Dutch)OSL Order of Saint Luke references, material for thephysical alchemy by which La Garenne will be tied to the oxygen-isotopechronology.The tantalizing tan��ta��lize?tr.v. tan��ta��lized, tan��ta��liz��ing, tan��ta��liz��esTo excite (another) by exposing something desirable while keeping it out of reach. magic of handaxes and handaxe sites is in theendurance of their questions. Unlike other categories of Frere'sday - the 'antediluvial' and the 'Celticantiquities' - this category endures and puzzles; the relationsbetween different handaxe forms, once called 'Abbevillean' and'Acheulean', and with adjacent industries like'Clactonian', are not resolved. Even the basics - is thehandaxe the made object, or the by-product from striking flakes? - areto a degree open. Yet you can hold a handaxe in your hand and have thatin common, one hopes, with some ancient kind of human creature, aprehistoric person of whom as usual one does not know the name. (Didhumans then have names? have speech to speak the name?)1 MARTIN MIDDLEBROOK. The first day on the Somme. 1971. London: AllenLane.2 For the Western Front, the standard guide - comprehensive, briefentries, much-illustrated, tiresomely setting places as 'left'or 'right' rather than 'north' or 'south',which fails when you come from another compass bearing - is ROSE E.B.COOMBS Coombs can refer to: Coombs test, a test for the presence of antibodies or antigens Coombs reagent, the reagent used in the Coombs test Coombs' method, a type of voting designed by the psychologist Clyde Coombs , Before endeavours fade: a guide to the battlefields of the FirstWorld War. 7th edition, revised by Karel Margry, 1994. London: Battle ofBritain Battle of Britain,in World War II, series of air battles between Great Britain and Germany, fought over Britain from Aug. to Oct., 1940. As a prelude to a planned invasion of England, Germany attacked British coastal defenses, radar stations, and shipping. On Aug. Prints International; 0-900913-85-X paperback [pounds]11.95.3 A memorial service is held on I July each year, the anniversary ofthe mine's blowing and the crater's making. 'The Friendsof Lochnagar' are at 25 Daymer Gardens, Pinner HA5 2HW, England.Another of the celebrated Great War sites, the Butte de Warlencourt The Butte de Warlencourt is an ancient burial mound alongside the Albert-Bapaume road, north-east of the village of Le Sars in the Somme d��partement of northern France. , isnow owned by the umbrella Western Front Association, PO Box 1914,Reading RG4 7YP, England.4 Figures from MARTIN & MARY MIDDLEBROOK'S first-rate TheSomme battlefields: a comprehensive guide (London: Viking, 1991;out-of-print). A small portion of the missing will have been alive, thedeserters who never turned up later under their own names.5 I have an interest to declare, as a frequent visitor to the ANUsince 1990. One of its many virtues is the welcoming framework itprovides for colleagues.6 1997. Lisbon: Ministerio da Cultura.