Editorial.

Editorial. * Archaeologists have known for some time that the most successfulmonuments have many layers of history embedded, not only in theirstructure, but in their built environment (Bradley 1993). The TateModern The Tate Modern in London is Britain's national museum of international modern art and is, with Tate Britain, Tate Liverpool, Tate St Ives, and Tate Online[1], part of the group now known simply as Tate. in London, opened on 11 May 2000, expresses the same principle inmodern art. This archaeologically tested formula implemented at TateModern has proved to be a much more successful arena of politicalperformance for the elite, and attraction to the `people', than theother reclaimed flat brownfield site further down the River Thames atGreenwich, the site of the notorious Dome. Southwark on the south bankof the Thames, as partly explained by the Tate Modern Handbook (Massey2000), has a long history. We need to turn to the Reports of the SurreyArchaeological Society to gain a fuller account of over three metres ofhistory in this general area of the south bank of London; an importantpeat deposit, a Beaker settlement and a major presence in the Romanperiod from about AD 50. The second phase of Roman construction in the3rd century produced imposing stone imposing stonen.A stone or metal slab on which material to be printed is arranged. Also called imposing table. buildings (Sheldon 1978) whichpresaged the buildings of `several magnates, ecclesiastical and lay ...[who] competed with representatives of the King, the City and the countyof Surrey to exercise some control over the area' (Turner 1987:251) (see p. 463). One of these, the Bishop of Winchester'sresidence, has had much `excavation' since the 1828 antiquarian an��ti��quar��i��an?n.One who studies, collects, or deals in antiquities.adj.1. Of or relating to antiquarians or to the study or collecting of antiquities.2. Dealing in or having to do with old or rare books. beginnings. A more recent monument was the Bankside power station Bankside Power Station is located on the south bank of the Thames in the Bankside district of London. Since 2000 it has been used to house the Tate Modern art museum. whichGiles Gilbert Scott Sir Giles Gilbert Scott, OM, FRIBA (November 9 1880 – February 8 1960) was an English architect known for his work on such buildings as Liverpool Cathedral and Battersea Power Station.He came from a family of architects. He was the son of George Gilbert Scott, Jr. built to mirror the powerful monument of StPaul's Cathedral This article is about the cathedral church of the diocese of London. For other cathedrals consecrated to Saint Paul, see Cathedral of Saint Paul. St Paul's Cathedral to the north of the river. It is the power stationthat has become the reclaimed monument. The structure had lain idlebetween its decommissioning and the initiation of an inspired idea ofre-use. This resurrected building has now provided the successfullocation for an experiment in modern art and architecture. Archaeologyrevealed evidence of Chaucerian pilgrims (pewter and silver badges torecord their devotion). The new religion of modern art has alreadyproduced a new set of pilgrims, enticed into the extensive gift andbookshop to gather their souvenirs. Furthermore, this site has provided a shrine for a new trend inmuseology mu��se��ol��o��gy?n.The discipline of museum design, organization, and management.muse��o��log . Recent displays from both art and archaeology have turnedaway from chronological schemes towards what Nicholas Serota Sir Nicholas Andrew Serota (born April 27, 1946) is a curator, and is currently Director of the Tate Gallery, the United Kingdom's national gallery of modern and British art. As such he is often involved in controversy. He was the driving force behind the creation of Tate Modern. describesas `promoting different modes and levels of "interpretation"by subtle juxtapositions of "experience"' (Serota 1996).The new displays in the prehistory prehistory,period of human evolution before writing was invented and records kept. The term was coined by Daniel Wilson in 1851. It is followed by protohistory, the period for which we have some records but must still rely largely on archaeological evidence to section of the National Museum ofScotland The Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh, Scotland, is a building which, together with the adjacent Royal Museum, comprises the National Museum of Scotland. It is dedicated to the history, people and culture of Scotland. The museum is on Chambers Street, in central Edinburgh. collapsed chronology to address themes (ANTIQUITY 73 (1999):485-6). This same model has been attempted in the Tate Modern,addressing themes of Landscape, Matter, Environment; Still Life, Object,Real Life; History, Memory, Society; Nude, Action, Body. In some themesthere is a convergence between the trends of modern art and archaeology,in others they are foreign worlds. The theme of History, Memory, Societysounded promising and we were tempted to launch ourselves directly ontothe fifth floor. Once we arrived, the convergence was, however,disappointing. The closest link was tenuous: an attack -- by associationwith the apartheid regime in South Africa South Africa,Afrikaans Suid-Afrika, officially Republic of South Africa, republic (2005 est. pop. 44,344,000), 471,442 sq mi (1,221,037 sq km), S Africa. -- on an icon ofarchaeological research, the Landrover (a 4-wheel drive vehicle ofBritish origin, until recently of German and now American ownership).History here is very recent, dare we say superficial, and Societymodern. Nude, Action, Body turned out to be more promising. There isclear influence of Etruscan sculpture on Alberto Giacometti Noun 1. Alberto Giacometti - Swiss sculptor and painter known for his bronze sculptures of elongated figures (1901-1966)Giacometti (1901-1966)(see p. 463). His elongated human forms have strikingly similarqualities to bronzes from the town of Volterra in northern Etruria.However, the most promising link theme was within Landscape, Matter,Environment. In one case, this was simply the choice of material.Andreas Gurtsky presents the theme of archaeological landscape in ThebesWest (1993), an aerial vision of an archaeological landscape. In othercases, the linkage was more conceptual. A single room contrasts thenatural landscape of Monet (1840-1926) with the built environment ofRichard Long (b. 1945). This statement contains much of currentarchaeological debate in consideration of landscape: the definition andweight of the natural, the built and the conceptualized environment. Theoverall exhibition housed within these walls forms an interesting studyof the relationship between past and present, and a reflection on sometrends of convergence between modern art and archaeology. Landscape,above all, in its many and varied forms, is as fundamental a concept inmodern art as in archaeology. An earlier exhibition held between 16 January and 3 April 2000 inthe Royal Academy, north of the River Thames, made `an archaeologicalexpedition to the largely buried past of art at the turn of the[previous] century' (Rosenblum 2000: 27). It is interesting to notethe contrasts. At the 1900 exposition universelle in Paris, `mostcountries chose to present themselves [architecturally] by referring tothe past' (Stevens 2000: 64) -- an historic past. Where it occurs,archaeology is generally drawn into painting through classicism classicism,a term that, when applied generally, means clearness, elegance, symmetry, and repose produced by attention to traditional forms. It is sometimes synonymous with excellence or artistic quality of high distinction. .Alma-Tadema, Bouguereau and Leighton frequently included the classicalheritage in their works. Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema, OM, RA (January 8, 1836, Dronrijp, the Netherlands.- June 25, 1912 Wiesbaden, Germany ) was one of the most renowned painters of late nineteenth century Britain. (1836-1912) wasrenowned for the texture of his marble and fabrics in Roman domesticscenes, based on detailed archaeological research. William-AdolpheBouguereau William-Adolphe Bouguereau (November 30, 1825 – August 19, 1905) was a French academic painter. BiographyBouguereau was born in La Rochelle.A student at the ��cole des Beaux-Arts in Paris, he won the Prix de Rome in 1850 and his realistic genre paintings and (1825-1905) used his Prix de Rome Prix de Romein full Grand Prix de RomeArt scholarship awarded by the French government from 1663 to 1968. Established by Louis XIV and Charles Le Brun, it enabled young French painters, sculptors, architects, engravers, and musicians to study in Rome. to study Giotto andRenaissance masters. Frederic Leighton, First Baron Leighton For Baron Leighton of St. Mellons, see Baron Leighton of St MellonsBaron Leighton, of Stretton in the County of Salop, was a peerage title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom created on 24 January 1896 for painter Sir Frederic Leighton, Bt.. of Stretton(1830-1896) cultivated an `Olympian' Neoclassical style ofpainting. In an archaeologically more adventurous approach, Paul Jamin Paul Joseph Jamin (February 9 1853 in Paris - July 10, 1903 in Paris) was a French painter of the Academic Classicism school. He was the son of the renowned physician Jules Jamin. He married Augustine Marie Caroline Bastien in 1882, with whom he had four children. (1853-1903) explored the origins of Europe with narrative scenes fromclassical history and came closest to prehistory in his panel of LakeDwellers (Ethnol.) people of a prehistoric race, or races, which inhabited different parts of Europe. Their dwellings were built on piles in lakes, a short distance from the shore. Their relics are common in the lakes of Switzerland.See also: Lake : the return of the menfolk men��folk? or men��folkspl.n.1. Men considered as a group.2. The male members of a community or family.menfolkNoun, plmen collectively, esp. the men of a particular family announced. Antonio Carneiro(1872-1930) added the uncertain symbolism of the Sphinx sphinx(sfĭngks), mythical beast of ancient Egypt, frequently symbolizing the pharaoh as an incarnation of the sun god Ra. The sphinx was represented in sculpture usually in a recumbent position with the head of a man and the body of a lion, to awidow's fate. Only one fleeting instance, by Thomas Moran(1837-1926), is of a more remote and non-Western past: a romantic epicof cliff-dwellers of the American Southwest. The vast majority ofpainting in 1900 was directed towards depiction of and reaction to thethen modern world. In the Tate Modern, only Smith has touches of residual classicism,now strongly re-interpreted, and only Dali chose to rework classicalmythologies. David Smith (1906-1965) used iron and steel to createsculptures evoking the blacksmith's art of the Iron Age, expressedin his Agricola and Wagon series. Salvador Dali Noun 1. Salvador Dali - surrealist Spanish painter (1904-1989)Dali (1904-1989) may havebeen inspired by classical myth, but this was radically transformed `toconform to Verb 1. conform to - satisfy a condition or restriction; "Does this paper meet the requirements for the degree?"fit, meetcoordinate - be co-ordinated; "These activities coordinate well" his bizarre obsessions' (Barson et al. 2000: 140).Generally, the new flavour of archaeological impact is from non WesternCulture and prehistoric archaeology History is the study of the past using written records. Archaeology can also be used to study the past alongside history. Prehistoric archaeology is the study of the past before historical records began. , or related to archaeologicalpractice. The non-Western is clearly visible in Gaudier-Brzeska's1964 Bird swallowing a fish, in Jacob Epstein's sculptures and inmuch of the sculptural work of Georg Baselitz Georg Baselitz (born January 23, 1938) is a German painter who studied in the former East Germany, before moving to what was then the country of West Germany. Baselitz's style is interpreted by the Northern American as Neo-Expressionist, but from a European perspective, it is more (b. 1938), which includedan untitled human form of 1982-3 in wood. Joseph Beuys (1921-1986)selected archaeological display as one of his media: `vitrines' ofobjects. Archaeological artefacts are incorporated in the 1991-96installation of Hiller's From the Freud Museum In 1938, the founder of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud, left Vienna after the Nazi annexation of Austria (the Anschluss) and moved to London, taking up residence at 20 Maresfield Gardens in Hampstead, one of London's most intellectual suburbs. (see p. 463). SusanHiller (b. 1940) deliberately chose the medium of archaeological storageboxes to contain objects (including obsidian projectile projectilesomething thrown forward.projectile syringesee blow dart.projectile vomitingforceful vomiting, usually without preceding retching, in which the vomitus is thrown well forward. points) whichprovided a set of personal associations. Her message is validarchaeologically and anthropologically: classifications and meaningschange. However, in terms of the history of archaeology The history of archaeology has been one of increasing professionalisation, and the use of an increasing range of techniques, to obtain as much data on the site being examined as possible. OriginsThe exact origins of archaeology as a discipline are uncertain. , it is a returnto Cabinets of Curiosities. In recent years there has been a convergence of art andarchaeology. The Tate Modern handbook employs archaeological metaphorwith an expectation of ready understanding: `archaeological detail'substitutes for `overlay' of paint in a description of one of DeKooning's works (Barson et al. 2000: 145). Mark Dion has moreexplicitly followed archaeological practice. His work on the Thamesforeshore foreshore:see beach. below Bankside was followed by classification and display. `Hemakes us uncertain where science ends and art begins, or indeed quitewhat the difference is' Renfrew (1999: 21). However, whereas, inthe last resort, the archaeologist Colin Renfrew operates two worlds,one archaeological, the other artistic, some have fused the two.Christopher Tilley Christopher Y. Tilley is a British archaeologist and a well-known proponent of post-processual archaeology.Tilley's major works on theoretical archaeology were written with his colleague Michael Shanks, and include ReConstructing Archaeology and , Sue Hamilton and Barbara Bender have practised anart which tells us more about themselves than about anything else, andwhat it reveals about them is, quite frankly, rather dull (Tilley et al.2000). For Tilley, as Renfrew explains it for Dion, `the process of thework often seems more important than the end product' (1999: 21).It is `a form of Brechtian epic theatre' (Coles 1999: 25); as inany theatre, it is useful to have good actors. The key element forarchaeologists is whether -- following the classification of Serota --we should aim for experience or for interpretation, or a blending of thetwo. In our view archaeologists are rather skilled and exciting ininterpretation, but if we aim principally for personal experience werisk constructing a much duller, uninformed and uninteresting canvas. There is an interesting postscript to Mark Dion's work inItaly. His dredging of the canals of Venice led to confiscation confiscationIn law, the act of seizing property without compensation and submitting it to the public treasury. Illegal items such as narcotics or firearms, or profits from the sale of illegal items, may be confiscated by the police. Additionally, government action (e.g. of hisinstallation by the Carabinieri (the local police) (Fontana 1999:48-54). All archaeological material in Italy belongs to the state evenbefore it becomes part of an installation. By the same logic, aninternational travelling installation would become an illegal export.The Dion installation was the immediate legal property of the state (itsconstituent parts had been illegally extracted without a permesso fromthe Venetian canals) and is now housed in the Palazzo Ducale of Venice.Perhaps even performance artists could benefit from archaeologicaltraining (which includes the transferable skill of diplomacy!). * There is significant good news from the British Academy tosupport research in the Humanities and Social Sciences, at a level ofparticular importance for Archaeology. As a response to a reviewundertaken by the British Academy in 1999-2000(http://www.britac.ac.uk/press/ press3.html), 500,000 [pounds sterling]has been allocated to grants of up to 20,000 [pounds sterling]. ThisLarger Research grant is an important step towards filling the gapbetween Small Research grants of the British Academy (up to 5000 [poundssterling]) and much larger Research awards provided by the AHRB AHRB Arts and Humanities Research Board (up to500,000 [pounds sterling]). For archaeology, it means that there is nowa national funding source for pilot fieldwork schemes, and it is verymuch hoped that this scheme will be expanded. (See ANTIQUITY 73 (1999):488-90; 74 (2000): 256-7,343-8). * Frameworks, consultations and new directions appear to be thecurrent fashion in archaeology in Britain at the present time. No doubtthe new century has provoked much new thinking, to promote anextraordinary level of activity by English Heritage and archaeologicaloutfits throughout the country. The aims are to review policy, rewritethe priorities for the historic environment and consult with all andsundry all collectively, and each separately.See also: Sundry in a manner which is wholly in keeping with the currentgovernment's professed ideals of openness, popularization pop��u��lar��ize?tr.v. pop��u��lar��ized, pop��u��lar��iz��ing, pop��u��lar��iz��es1. To make popular: A famous dancer popularized the new hairstyle.2. andsocial inclusion. In tandem with these initiatives are current concernsfor sustainability, cultural diversity and the long-term planning andconservation of the historic cultural resource. For the last decade,archaeological policy in England has been directed by the PlanningPolicy Guidance Circulars 15 & 16, published in 1994 and 1990respectively. These documents on `Planning and the historicenvironment' and `Archaeology and planning' provided a pivotalchange in the operation of archaeology and conservation and made sitesand the historic environment primary considerations in the planningprocess. Two major initiatives have emerged in the last few monthsbuilding on these earlier agendas, one at a local and the other at anational level. The local initiative is the publication of theFrameworks for archaeological research in some regions of England The region, also known as Government Office Region, is currently the highest tier of local government sub-national entity of England in the United Kingdom. History . Wehave attended the launch of Research and archaeology: Framework for theEastern Counties (Brown & Glazebrook 2000) which outlines the agendaand strategy for the region of Cambridgeshire, Norfolk, Suffolk, Essexand Hertfordshire. A similar document has been produced for the areacalled the Greater Thames Estuary, covering the area of south Essex,London and north Kent (Williams & Brown 1999). Many more are tofollow, hard on the heels of the new regionalization regionalizationManaged care The subdivision of a broadly available service–eg, a blood bank, into quasi-autonomous regional centers, capable of making decisions and providing more cost-effective and/or faster service to hospitals and health care facilities, of the offices ofEnglish Heritage with the conservation focus now projected at regionallevel. As we discussed in earlier Editorials (e.g. ANTIQUITY 73 (1999):486; 74 (2000): 255-6), regionalization is the order of the day, andLondon has ceased to be the hub of archaeological activity.Multi-disciplinary teams have been relocated to regional centres toliaise more effectively with the local interest groups and organizationsand cover their extensive patches at a regional level. The new Frameworks are not wholly novel, because there has been asteady development towards providing more focused research agendas inmany regions. They have the aim not only of targeting resources towardsappropriate needs, but also of making use of the growing Sites andMonument records that now provide remarkable detail and coverage ofEngland's historic resource. The fact that `Research' is soprominent will be a positive sign for many archaeologists, becausearchaeological work has for too long been overly responsive to developerneeds, rather than the needs of the discipline and its quest forknowledge. From the 1960s onwards, much work was done for `rescue'rather than research, building up the massive publication backlogs thathave dominated government funding in the 1980s and beyond. It would seemquite proper now, with those optimistic years of rather undirectedarchaeological activity well behind us, to be seeing a new era ofcarefully considered, regionally directed research. The East AnglianFramework consists of `A Resource Assessment', `A ResearchAgenda' and `A Research Strategy', and also describes the nextstage, the `Research Project'. The booklet provides a clearchronological description and discussion of each major periodrepresented in the region and examines the lacunae that still exist, andsuggests means to tackle these through research designs. Archaeologistscan be an apologetic bunch of people, because they are aware that tooverstate the achievements of archaeological work will bring fewerresources for future work, and yet to be negative will simply bring theresponse that some areas of the past are inaccessible and unsolvable.The authors of the East Anglian report are properly aware of this, andeach section is characterized by comments as quoted here from the AngloSaxon and Medieval chapter (p. 23): `The prolific number of sites shouldnot be a cause for complacency ... Despite the large volume of artefactsavailable for study from cemetery excavations, it is still far fromclear what happened in the 5th century'. As an update and crib of aregion's archaeology, these Frameworks are a useful and timelycontribution, but will they be read by the academic archaeologists who,in one way or another, should be amongst the shakers and movers ofchange in archaeological research direction in the future? One imaginesthat not all those philosophical theorists indulging in speculativegames with the past will wish to be engaged with agendas for practicalresearch on the doorstep! The Period Societies have provided important statements at anational level in the past and these have also been fed into the systemover the years, with English Heritage's Exploring our past in 1991and its follow-up, Frameworks for our past (Olivier 1996). A typicalexample was the Prehistoric Society's 1988 Saving our prehistoricpast report, which outlined the need for preservation, problems offunding and personnel, research and rescue, fieldwork policy, scienceand conservation, publication and the consumers of prehistory. Ninerecommendations were made, and a five-year plan proposed. Now, in thenew era of Frameworks, the period interests have been narrowed furtherand a working party for the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic section of thePrehistoric Society produced a new document (July 1999), ResearchFrameworks for the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic of Britain and Ireland.It lists strategic themes, field and survey projects and theirpublication, and finally education, display and information exchange asissues to be tackled in the paper. Palaeoliths are less coy than somesubject specialists about their successes and open this short (12-page)document with a positive section on the background and achievements oftheir research. They make an excellent case for its importance at thenational and international level, and the need for proper funding andsupport as well as for a clear research framework. Any potentialresearch student of the period would be well advised to check theintentionally not `over-long agenda of problems' that has beencarefully drawn up, to see where they could slot an important and timelycontribution in to this vibrant research field. In similar vein, but only available on the web and not yet in hardprint in the ANTIQUITY office, is the Iron Age Agenda for Research(http:// www.rdg.ac.uk/-lascretn/IAAgenda.htm). This is a lengthydocument, following the now familiar Framework approach. Perhaps moreneeds to be said about the Iron Age than earlier periods, but said it isover some 35 pages. Alongside needs for improvements in chronology,research on settlements, landscape and people, material culture of everykind, issues of regionality and regional knowledge, the paper outlinesthe processes of change as key areas for research. By page 24 the Agendafor Action explains how data, archives, personnel and money are neededto enable Iron Age research to progress usefully in the British Isles.The final 8 pages are a very useful and up-to-date bibliography on theIron Age. Presumably pre��sum��a��ble?adj.That can be presumed or taken for granted; reasonable as a supposition: presumable causes of the disaster. many more period Frameworks and their regionalcounterparts will be appearing soon; at least one cited in the Iron Ageagenda is now in press (James & Millett in press). * The second major initiative under way is the huge publicconsultation on Strategies for the Historic Environment(http://www.englishheritage.org.uk/about-us/policy/consultationdocuments.html) which, logically perhaps, has grownout of and alongside, the other frameworks and initiatives from EnglishHeritage, in an attempt to define future directions. The new chairman ofEnglish Heritage, Sir Neil Cossons is quoted and all sounds mostpositive and friendly: England is blessed with a rich and diverse heritage which is allaround us, in our towns and cities, villages and countryside. It is themap on which we create the future. The growing enjoyment andappreciation of this history by the public and millions of touristsunderpins the need for new approaches to protect, sustain and enhancethis priceless national asset. The review is a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to create anintegrated approach to managing this historic environment for the nextcentury. Our commitment is to ensure that as many views as possible aresought so that the review can be as comprehensive as possible. We havecommissioned extensive research by MORI MORIn abbr (Brit) (= Market & Opinion Research Institute) → institut de sondageMORI(Brit) n abbr (= Market and Opinion Research Institute) → into public attitudes towardsthe historic environment. The report will be published in the Autumn. As we suggested above, there is much that is highly political inall this, because the next part of the press release, from which thesequotes are taken, quotes Alan Howarth, the Minister for the Arts In the United Kingdom government, the Minister for the Arts is a ministerial post, usually at junior or Minister of State level. The post has been in a variety of ministries, but after 1997 it has been a Minister of State position in the Department for Culture, Media and Sport. in theDepartment of Culture, Media and Sports: When I launched the heritage review I wanted to initiate a nationaldebate which would involve as many people as possible, so as to raisepublic consciousness of heritage policy issues and ensure that the bestthinking was applied to them. Five different working groups have been appointed, made upvariously of those representing the Heritage -- in all its variedcomplexions: practitioners, educationalists, professionals, a fewacademics, very few museum professionals and a great many people whorepresent the `people's interests'. Doubtless this is all welland good, and no doubt there will be a mass of responses from the 3500people and organizations to whom the documents have been sent. Theworking groups, focused on particular discussion papers, have been givenfriendly sounding names: Understanding, Belonging, Experiencing, Caringand Enriching, alongside a paper entitled Our questions to you whichinvolves 20 questions for public response. ANTIQUITY has made inquiries which suggest that there has been somereally useful discussion in the working groups, which has then beenwatered-down in the printed version made available for consultation.Apparently the chairpersons of the various groups will each makeassessments of the answers to the questions as well as English Heritage,so that the danger of a single, homogenized response is avoided. Inaddition there is to be a MORI poll to collate col��late?tr.v. col��lat��ed, col��lat��ing, col��lates1. To examine and compare carefully in order to note points of disagreement.2. To assemble in proper numerical or logical sequence.3. public opinion on thehistoric environment in addition to the consultation data. Clearly,there is some sense of urgency from government to get the wholeconsultation completed so that key trends are identified. In paper 1, Understanding, much effort has been expended on tryingto provide definitions for the Historic Environment, and reference ismade to the attempts to define it in earlier papers such as PPG PPG Points Per Game (basketball player statistic)PPG Power Play Goals (hockey)PPG Planning Policy Guidance (UK)PPG Programmable Pulse GeneratorPPG Power Puff Girls 15 &16. Twenty-one paragraphs are devoted to providing definitions and injustifying how to arrive at a sense of the historic environment whichwill please everyone. Whilst this is admirable, it is also dense withpolitical correctness, and paragraphs such as 18: A definition in itself cannot explain or characterise the historicenvironment, evaluate its significance or suggest a response to changeand management needs. It must, however, be flexible enough, alongsideother tools, to be used to do this. It must allow all types of values,whether highly professional or intensely personal, to be broughttogether, so that assessments of importance can be agreed at local andregional as well as national level. and 21: The establishment view of what comprises the historic environment-- `our heritage' -- can be seen as exclusive and beyond challenge.The word `heritage' often carries this negative connotation, whichis why it has not been much used in this paper. However, when acollection of things making up heritage comes across as more democraticand open, when localness and multi-cultural perspectives become morepart of it, `heritage' will become less excluding.... These phrases are redolent red��o��lent?adj.1. Having or emitting fragrance; aromatic.2. Suggestive; reminiscent: a campaign redolent of machine politics. of current political correctness. Latersections grapple with the issues of a changing world and society, and inparagraph 31 multi-cultural issues emerge: Beyond England, similar forces will help to forge connections withhistoric environments and cultures which have a deep resonance withEngland's minority and ethnic communities. New values and insightswill relate to shared histories: seventeenth-and eighteenth-centuryCaribbean defences and the physical remains of slavery, the developmentof railways and of modern industry in the nineteenth and twentiethcenturies in India, the legacies of penal settlements and the goldrushes of Australia and South Africa -- these stand at the heart ofEngland's cultural diversity. They are relevant to all of us, andwhile England's conservation legislation is confined to itsborders, the historic environment defined in this Paper extends beyondour borders and coasts to almost all corners of the world. We need torecognise this when deciding value. Such definitions are useful; they say much about the current stateof English/British Nationalism, because here the borders may include theworld, but they do not extend across the terrestrial lines betweenScotland and Wales, or mention Ireland. Even more people in Britain arethe product of migrations from the Celtic fringes than are representedby the other minorities, but clearly it is not current policy to say soor to include these groups! However, even if the consultation is mouldedin its geographic scope, there is much to be applauded by this clearrecognition that there is need for all citizens of England (and perhapsBritain and even Europe?) to be included in a sense of past whichengages their experiences, rather than just those of establishmenthistory. What seems to be emerging is a hierarchy of historicenvironments, from the personal perception to the local, to the regionaland to the national, each valid in its own way. In tandem with some ofthe current thinking in the social sciences, and thus in archaeology,the role of the individual is being redefined and acknowledged. The paper goes on to discuss threats to the historic environment asa means to shape future policy to aid its preservation. Alongside thephysical threats such as agriculture, development and erosion, Ignoranceis cited as a major threat, and its remedy is suggested to be Research.Lack of staff and training is an issue, and so too are minority valuesand histories, which need to be recorded, and the concluding paragraph39 identifies education, legislation and resources, which are addressedin other consultation papers. The second paper, Belonging has a starting point that believes everyone ... should have the opportunity to: use, delight in anddraw meaning from the historic environment; -- enjoy access toinformation, activities and resources; -- participate in theidentification, understanding, use and conservation of the historicenvironment. Specific questions raised at paragraph 4 echo the issue that isvery much the current government policy: social inclusion, and in thiscontext, how heritage might contribute to this aim, especially througheducation and enabling the young to participate. Participation, then, can be seen to have a critical role innurturing a modern society that is at ease with its past and with itsmulti-culturalism. The issue has particular links to cultural identity,social inclusion and citizenship, quality of life and conservation,regeneration and sustainability. Subsequent paragraphs discuss means to achieve this througheducation, life-long learning, institutions, media and the recognitionof what constitute cultural assets. Education is given a prominent rolehere, and it is one stressed in these pages (ANTIQUITY 74 (2000): 1-4,122-218). In England, the present National Curriculum falls short inproviding a balanced approach to the past, as far as prehistory goes,and perhaps here lies a last chance (if indeed, this is the last publicdiscussion for some time) to set the record straight, and get prehistoryincluded again in school education. Paper 3 Experiencing addresses issues of tourism and the need towiden access to sites and the historic environment, especially by theyoung, who are seen as the target group to be introduce it if they areto become future participants. Paper 4 Caring `explores the implications of the very broaddefinition of the historic environment set out in Understanding for howwe identify, value, manage and use it.' Issues about too much andtoo little protection for sites are raised, along with the concepts ofsites rather than whole environments. The problems of the presentregulatory frameworks are questioned in relation to `balancing heritageand development needs'. The academic valuation of sites andheritage could be considered too rigid for many, and suggestions aremade which would broaden the concepts of value, offering a more holisticapproach holistic approachA term used in alternative health for a philosophical approach to health care, in which the entire Pt is evaluated and treated. See Alternative medicine, Holistic medicine. . The aim of this becomes apparent later in the document, whenthe business of managing the historic resource is considered -- how andwhat to designate as historic, how to provide responsible stewardship,how to encourage care by owners and communities, and how to regulate andlegislate. Planning and the role of planning authorities, together withRegional Planning Guidance -- a new initiative by government in the movetowards more regionalization -- completes the paper. Finally, paper 5 Enriching poses a number of social and economicquestions about how the historic environment is perceived and managed.The question of whether the historic environment brings social benefitsis aired in a discussion of Neighbourhood Renewal and the Urban TaskForce. In the past, slum clearance may have brought some benefits inhousing standards, but it destroyed communities and their historicenvironment, and perhaps sensitive regeneration is better than wholesaledemolition. Thus the government has specifically asked for considerationof the regeneration of historic buildings and the integration ofheritage in the process of urban renewal. Other discussion raises theproblem of conservation versus new design, and the lack of constructivedialogue between these different interests. Issues of inclusion andexclusion fill 9 paragraphs, and echo new European legislation whichaims to respect cultural diversity, along with the new motto `Unity inDiversity'. Such aspirations should be welcome in thearchaeological community who have long recognized that the past is quiteas diverse as the present, and it is that very diversity which fills ourresearch agendas. Parts 3 and 4 of the paper cover the economiccompetitiveness of conservation and the effective protection of thehistoric environment, making it sustainable across time and space. Itslast section, on skills, points out a problem that was predicted adecade or more ago, that the conservation industry has failed to trainand retain suitable craftspeople crafts��people?pl.n.People who practice a craft; artisans. actually to undertake the work. Asanother part of education and training, skills training is an areaneeding as much regeneration as the historic environment itself. A series of final questions focus on elements from each of thepapers: some are direct and straightforward, whilst others are overlycomplex and diffuse. Question 4 is good: `Which threats to thesignificance of the historic environment should be a priority over thenext five, ten and twenty-five years?' Question 15 is too complex: Is the market capable of providing and directing the resourcesneeded to secure the future of all significant parts of the historicenvironment, and prevent them from entering an `at risk' category?If not, what actions should the government take, for example by imposingduties on owners and regulators, or by providing incentives through thetax regime or through specific financial assistance? We hope all readers of ANTIQUITY will have had the chance torespond to the invitation for comment. This has been a difficult taskfor us to advertise since the publication date (26 June) and thedeadline of 4 August 2000 both occur between two publication dates ofthe journal. 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