Editorial.

Editorial. At the risk of developing an archaeological hagiography hagiographyLiterature describing the lives of the saints. Christian hagiography includes stories of saintly monks, bishops, princes, and virgins, with accounts of their martyrdom and of the miracles connected with their relics, tombs, icons, or statues. , we dwellin this our last editorial, at least in part, on the founder and firsteditor, whose decision to found the journal took place some 77 years ago(in 1925). Three editorial teams have followed--those of GLYN DANIEL Glyn Edmund Daniel (23 April, 1914–13 December, 1986) was a British archaeologist who specialised in the European Neolithic and made some of the earliest efforts to popularise the subject on radio and television. ,CHRIS CHIPPINDALE and the current editors--and in December we hand overto the fourth editorial team, that of MARTIN CARVER Martin Oswald Hugh Carver FSA BSc (London), Dip.Archaeol. (Durham), MIFA, is Professor of Archaeology at the University of York, England, and director of the Sutton Hoo Research Project and a leading exponent of new methods in excavation and survey. . Within theseeditorial terms, Chris Chippindale engaged HENRY CLEERE for one yearwhile he was on sabbatical, and the two current editors swapped rolesafter three years. In this issue, we make some considerable space topublish the papers delivered this year at the Society of Antiquaries Society of Antiquaries can refer to: Society of Antiquaries of London Society of Antiquaries of Scotland Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-upon-Tyne Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland ,London and at the Society for American Archaeology The Society for American Archaeology (SAA) is the largest organization of professional archaeologists of the Americas in the world. The Society was founded in 1934 and today has over 7000 members. in Denver, Colorado,With the aim of celebrating the 75 years of publication since 1927,which were completed last year. One can learn much of the founder from his autobiography (Crawford1955). However, this is in many ways the official version, written andpublished by CRAWFORD during his lifetime. A complementary version ofevents can be gleaned from the Crawford papers in the Bodleian ofOxford. The editor selected 6 September of the year 2002 as a day ofpilgrimage to visit these papers in the Bodleian Library Bodleian Library(bŏd`lēən, bŏdlē`ən), at Oxford Univ. The original library, destroyed in the reign of Edward VI, was replaced in 1602, chiefly through the efforts of Sir Thomas Bodley, who gave it valuable collections of of Oxford. Herose early to take the 6.30 bus so as to arrive in good time to followthe rite of passage rite of passagen.A ritual or ceremony signifying an event in a person's life indicative of a transition from one stage to another, as from adolescence to adulthood. of entry into the Library. Stagecoach stagecoach,heavy, closed vehicle on wheels, usually drawn by horses, formerly used to transport passengers and goods overland. Throughout the Middle Ages and until about the end of the 18th cent. , theunfortunately named bus company, which runs many routes in the UnitedKingdom, failed to deliver their timetable, and it was on the 7.35 thathe eventually left Cambridge for a three-and-a-half-hour journey to thecentre of Oxford. Once on the bus, the editor, an inexperienced bus traveller, madethe mistake of turning the spacious back seat into his office. Anyphysicist could have told the editor that the centrifugal force centrifugal forceFictitious force, peculiar to circular motion, that is equal but opposite to the centripetal force that keeps a particle on a circular path (see centripetal acceleration). producedby the roundabouts of Milton Keynes Milton Keynes(mĭl`tən kēnz`), town (1991 pop. 36,886) and borough, S central England. Milton Keynes was designated one of the new towns in 1967 to alleviate overpopulation in London. It is the seat of the Open Univ. would have produced an uncomfortablejourney. The editor arrived in Oxford after an appropriate period ofsuffering for any pilgrimage. Thereafter, matters greatly improved. The Admissions office of the Bodleian welcomed the pilgrim withgood humour Noun 1. good humour - a cheerful and agreeable moodamiability, good humor, good temperhumour, mood, temper, humor - a characteristic (habitual or relatively temporary) state of feeling; "whether he praised or cursed me depended on his temper at the time"; , and he discovered that he had some useful indulgencesstored up from a previous visit to Oxford. As a visiting fellow to anOxford college in the previous century, he had converted his CambridgeMA into an Oxford MA. The discovery of the proof of his Oxford MA in anextensive paper archive, and evidence that he had already sworn not toburn books, led to immediate issue of a photographic card, entry andwelcome to the manuscripts room. After seven continuous hours ofresearch without break, he was pleased to retire to an Italianrestaurant to recover. The next day followed with a further indulgence,a fascinating conference on Orientalization, one driving force ofpolitical change in the Mediterranean, otherwise known as thePhoenicians, organized by Corinna Riva and Nicholas Vella. In various parts of this issue, we draw on these seven hours ofresearch and would like to thank the Bodleian Library for allowing us toreproduce parts of the archive. Our research has allowed us to dwell on to continue long on or in; to remain absorbed with; to stick to; to make much of; as, to dwell upon a subject; a singer dwells on a note s>.- Shak.See also: Dwell the formation processes of this archaeo-archival record. Like anyarchaeological deposit, the archive is one not immune from taphonomiceffects. The archive is a record of correspondence received andretained, and we have to reconstruct by inference many of the lettersthat Crawford himself sent. Certain phases of Crawford'sprofessional life were truncated or erased by war damage to the OrdnanceSurvey Ordnance SurveyNounthe British government organization that produces detailed maps of Britain and IrelandNoun 1. Ordnance Survey - the official cartography agency of the British government records in Southampton. Like many an archaeological deposit, theearly formative phases were preserved in well-defined, distinctstructured deposits, that were not obliterated by the sorting of laterlife; there are some ancestral archives; there is much evidence in theform of bundles of personal letters to friends and family; there are theschoolbooks of himself and his father from Marlborough. Of Marlborough,he sadly writes in his autobiography, it may have been partly my faultthat they were years of misery' (Crawford 1955: 24-5). We did nothave time to search the early letters for signs of the influence of thelocal prehistoric monuments of Wessex (recalled by Glyn Daniel (1971))on the archaeological development of the young Crawford mind. Another important section in the archive is consciously devoted toposterity. There is the foundation document of ANTIQUITY (of which morein our introduction to the essays of celebration). There is a sealedenvelope containing a document in Crawford's hand, relating hisopinion of a certain R.L. Thompson, with instructions to open in theyear 2000. Other material is more routine: in particular the receivedcorrespondence of ANTIQUITY (largely from Austin, his co-worker atANTIQUITY), old manuscripts and accounts. This gives a picture ofroutine letters exchanged as rapidly as e-mails. These ensured theregular appearance of ANTIQUITY. Perhaps more revealing are the reams ofhis poems written in pencil in a clear hand. We reproduce two here. Thefirst is an amusing commentary on the letters that many still delight inplacing after their name. The context for his preference of FBA FBA Federal Bar AssociationFBA Functional Behavior AssessmentFBA Fibre Box Association (North America)FBA Forms Based Authentication (Microsoft Outlook Web Access)FBA Florida Bicycle Association to FSA FSA Financial Services AuthorityFSA Food Standards Agency (UK)FSA Farm Service Agency (USDA)FSA Financial Services Agency (Japan)is provided by his resignation in 1949 from the Society of Antiquariesover the April elections of that year. Mortimer Wheeler Brigadier Sir Robert Eric Mortimer Wheeler CH, CIE, MC, FBA, FSA (September 10, 1890 Glasgow – July 22, 1976 London), was one of the best-known British archaeologists of the twentieth century. was passed overas President of the Society of Antiquaries and both Crawford and Childeresigned from the Society in protest (Hawkes 1982: 265-6). ADRIAN JAMESof the Society of Antiquaries has kindly provided us with an excerptfrom the letter of 30 April 1949 to the Assistant Secretary, PhilipCorder, confirming his resignation: I shall not withdraw my resignation which was the result of carefulconsideration. The immediate cause was the voting last Thursday, and mydecision was influenced also by previous ballots. I do not likebelonging to a society which persistently blackballs goodarchaeologists. ADRIAN JAMES comments: The `voting' that Crawford alludes to was presumably pre��sum��a��ble?adj.That can be presumed or taken for granted; reasonable as a supposition: presumable causes of the disaster. that forthe President, officers and Council at the Anniversary meeting of 28April 1949, at which Wheeler was elected to the Council, and also to theoffice of Director for a second period; his first stint in this post wasbetween 1940 and 1944. Incidentally, the results of the ballots for theelection of Fellows in the immediate post-war period would appear tolend little or no support to Crawford's complaint about theblackballing Blackballing was used in elections to membership of a Gentlemen's club (and similarly organised institutions, such as Freemasonry and fraternities). The principle of such a club was that it was self-perpetuating: i.e. new members could only be elected by existing members. of `good archaeologists'. A further search by the present General Secretary, DAI MORGANEVANS, has failed to find the data to support Crawford's remarkabout black-bailing. On the contrary, Grinsell and O'Kelly were twowell-known archaeologists elected during the immediately precedingperiod. My learned friends There are endless varieties of learned societies-- The Antiqs for romantics and the pucka sucker, where the quack falls beneath a hail of black balls (but remember it's closed from July to November): societies which are `surely' local are often quite vocal nevertheless in the Press. If you are rich and have got land in Scotland, And sometimes if you are not, You can become an F.S.A. Scot. Which the chiels of Strathpeffer say Is as good as an FSA. It is even better If the middle letter Be B, Once in a fit of inebriety I founded a society: You would, I am sure, be enthralled To know what it was called; Well its name was `the Friends' Here for lack of a rhyme the poem ends. A fascinating section of the Crawford papers reveals directglimpses into the network of archaeological knowledge in which Crawford(and consequently ANTIQUITY) were a formative part. Letters from Bersu(the great German fieldworker), Grahame Clark and Gordon Childe castinteresting light on contemporary opinion, which is revealed asparticularly poignant through the documentation for the energeticsupport of Bersu during his period of internment. At that time, a circleof friends worked hard to improve his conditions, sent him money, food,reunited him with his wife, and financed his highly influentialexcavations (for a German perspective see Kraimer 2002). It is highlyappropriate that Susanne Sievers should publish in this issue an updateof the latest work at Manching, another major achievement of the RomischGermanische Kommission, first reported in ANTIQUITY in the 1960s (Kramer1960) Crawford could not have known who was to be his successor as editorof ANTIQUITY, but he had a clear opinion of who would be good at thetask, and an equally clear opinion of Glyn Daniel, who was later to takeover that role. In a confidential letter of 27 August 1951 to Edwardsand Olive (his then ANTIQUITY partners), he reveals how much he wouldhave supported the candidature of Jacquetta Hawkes Jacquetta Hawkes, n��e Hopkins, (August 5 1910 – March 18 1996) was a British archaeologist. The daughter of Nobel Prize-winning scientist, Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, she married first Christopher Hawkes, then an Assistant Keeper at the British Museum, in 1933. for succession aseditor to ANTIQUITY: Just a line as things come to mind. Jacquetta has produced a superguide book (Preh. and Roman monuments in England and Wales England and Wales are both constituent countries of the United Kingdom, that together share a single legal system: English law. Legislatively, England and Wales are treated as a single unit (see State (law)) for the conflict of laws. ). She is theobvious person to edit ANTIQUITY one day (I wish it could be now) as sheis not only completely sound and learned archaeologically, but also hasthe journalistic flair in full measure. She is also devastatinglybeautiful! His relationship to Glyn Daniel, his actual successor, was moreawkward, as revealed by two letters in the Crawford archive. In a letterof 12 November 1957, Crawford writes: Glyn Daniel says I shan't like his review of the EG [The EyeGoddess, Crawford 1957] in the Sunday Times. Perhaps not, but one mustjust accept these things if one writes a book and I told him so. Anywayhe has got back to me at last (in a friendly way I hope) for sayingyears ago that he ought to have more mud on his boots. The already diverging branches of archaeology, in this period ofincreasing professionalization pro��fes��sion��al��ize?tr.v. pro��fes��sion��al��ized, pro��fes��sion��al��iz��ing, pro��fes��sion��al��iz��esTo make professional.pro��fes , are revealed by a letter earlier in theyear written by Grahame Clark to Crawford dated 20 March 1957: Yr. Review of the 100 years [of Archaeology, Daniel 1950] struck meas a very fair and wise one. I think you made it clear that the bookdeserved well of archaeologists, but that it would have been even betterif written by a practising archaeologist. It is the kind of book thatmight be written say of Chemistry by an intelligent and industriouswriter who had spent very little time in the lab. I've got to dothe book myself but am saving up the review to find some good things tosay. Until Glyn [Daniel] will get down to it--I don't think he everwill--we shall never get stuff written with real insight. But he is anable and also an amiable chap & he has leisure to get a gooddeal[sic] done in the way of `selling' archaeology, & I think thereis room for him in archaeology. After all, older subjects are full ofsuch. I suppose it is a sign of growing maturity that archaeology cansupport him (& others). The days when all were `workers', &little rewarded at that, are passing. As fieldworkers we have sympathy with the view that the RealArchaeologist must get mud on his or her boots, but we also sympathizewith a critique of some of the speculation contained in The Eye Goddess,perhaps not one of Crawford's most enduring works. In the same archive there is also interesting evidence of the viewsand mind of Childe. In one of the last letters Childe wrote, in thiscase to Crawford, dated 31 October 1957 (although he died according toDaniel (1986: 417) on 19 October) from the The Carrington, Katoomba BlueMountains, NSW NSWNew South WalesNoun 1. NSW - the agency that provides units to conduct unconventional and counter-guerilla warfareNaval Special Warfare , he revealed strong views of this own. country'sarchaeology. Dear OGSC, Well I'm relieved you didn't mind my article:I thought it quite good and useful myself but hardly thought it wasquite relevant to the occasion and therefore what you wanted. Don'tbother to send me proofs. Posts are slow here and I keep moving about.Anyhow don't wait for their return. Australian archaeology haspossibilities though I could not possibly get interested. There arevarieties of stone implement types--all horrible, boring unlessyou're a flint [illegible il��leg��i��ble?adj.Not legible or decipherable.il��legi��bil ]--some stratified stratified/strat��i��fied/ (strat��i-fid) formed or arranged in layers. strat��i��fiedadj.Arranged in the form of layers or strata. sites, rock drawingsand paintings of uncertain age and dubious merit but no less interestingthan the S. African.... You really ought to come out and look atAustralia. You might dislike it less than I do (the scenery I love butnot the mess my countryman [writing illegible] ... An ANTIQUITY edited by Childe would have been very different froman ANTIQUITY edited by Craw crawsee crop (2). ford. Later in this issue, Tam Dalyell MP recalls his pleasure in meetingChilde and describes him as a `bushy bush��y?adj. bush��i��er, bush��i��est1. Overgrown with bushes.2. Thick and shaggy: a bushy head of hair. faced hairy man, in a huge sombrero som��bre��ro?n. pl. som��bre��rosA large straw or felt hat with a broad brim and tall crown, worn especially in Mexico and the American Southwest. hat, who, in his Australian twang, was the most enthralling en��thrall?tr.v. en��thralled, en��thrall��ing, en��thralls1. To hold spellbound; captivate: The magic show enthralled the audience.2. To enslave. story-teller'. Crawford for his part reveals his reaction to thedeath of his friend, Childe, in a letter to Edwards and Olive, dated 29October 1957: Dear E and O. I enclose some cuttings ... about Childe's death.... I had asort of inkling (no more) that he felt he had reached a kind of end: itis hard to express it; I suppose I was thinking of the crisis thatretirement always means for people like him ... the last communicationswe had were over the proofs of his article. He was rather dissatisfiedwith it, and said he was not now able to write essays, journalist style,on given subjects to order; but he did so, and told him it was perfectlyacceptable, which it was--though not perhaps quite up to his usual level... We all of us agree I'm sure that everyone has a right to endtheir lives ... I think Childe may have so decided, and done so in sucha way as not to cause scandal or embarrassment to his friends.... I feelhis death pretty badly ... We the editors remember Glyn Daniel's shock when he read in anearly morning lecture the letter from Grimes, and the accompanyingstatement from Childe sent from The Carrington, Katoomba, BlueMountains, NSW, that he was to publish in ANTIQUITY in 1980: that Childewent to Australia to commit suicide (Daniel 1980; 1986: 415-21). The Crawford archive also reveals the last letters written byCrawford. His last postcard to Edwards was a picture of two cats. Hislast letter to Edwards and Olive, dated 22 November 1957 which arrivedon the day of his death, ended with the words: `When shall we 3 meetagain?' We leave some final words on role of the staff and editor ofANTIQUITY to Crawford himself: An exchange of views. The staff of this Journal (Antiquity) Are accused of all kinds of iniquity, But they hereby declare That the Editor's chair Is the seat of all moral obliquity The Editor wishes to state That he cannot take part in debate And that sallies of wit Merely cause him to shit Or perhaps he should say defecate. A measure of how much the profession of archaeology changed duringthe first 25 years of the 20th century, the very years leading up to thefoundation of ANTIQUITY, is revealed by the 1901 census, now released bythe Public Record Office web site <http://www.census.pro.gov.uk/>.Archaeologists proved remarkably elusive when, in an idle moment, wesearched the records. Crawford could not be found, although he wasprobably in a school in Reading on the night of the census return. Theonly probable hits that we scored after many attempts were: ArthurBulleid (of Glastonbury Lake Village fame), who was aged 38, born inGlastonbury, Somerset, and recorded his profession, correctly, asPhysician and Surgeon; and Cyril Fox who was aged 18, born in Chippenhamin Wiltshire and recorded his profession, correctly, as a pupil inhorticulture. Perhaps readers might like to spend a few idle momentsseeing if they can improve on this poor rate of success. As a more certain aid to the identity of archaeologists, PAMELASMITH writes that the transcripts of her interviews of scholars frommany continents, as diverse as John Evans, John Mulvaney and DesmondClark, are archived in the Society of Antiquaries, where they can beconsulted. As we celebrate 75 years of ANTIQUITY, we are tempted to dwell onwhat the next 75 years will bring. It would be well for the leaders ofthe Western world to read some archaeology to give them that longer-termperspective, on issues as diverse as cultural values and world climate. An archaeological disaster which may be related to changing worldclimate or more immediately to the deforestation deforestationProcess of clearing forests. Rates of deforestation are particularly high in the tropics, where the poor quality of the soil has led to the practice of routine clear-cutting to make new soil available for agricultural use. of large parts of theEuropean landscape is the flood in Prague. We remember the Florenceflood of 1966 which not only destroyed works of art, archives andlibraries, but put the ground floor of the archaeological museum out ofaction for decades. In Prague, as has been extensively reported, thelargest archaeological library in the Czech Republic has been virtuallydestroyed and ANTIQUITY will be making available as many back numbers ofthe journal as is currently possible. NATALIE VENCLOVA and colleagueswrite: `On 14 August 2002, the Vltava river flooded the Institute ofArchaeology The Institute of Archaeology is an academic department of University College London (UCL), in the United Kingdom. The Institute is located in a separate building at the north end of Gordon Square, Bloomsbury. in Prague up to 3 metres deep. The Institute's library,representing with its 70,000 volumes the largest archaeological libraryin the Czech Republic, was practically destroyed. Seriously damaged werethe photographic and geodetic See geodetic coordinates. archives, laboratories and store rooms.Facing this disaster, we are forced to seek support and help concerningthe salvage and restoration of the damaged funds, so important for thewhole archaeological community in the Czech Republic and beyond. Thanksto substantial help of our colleagues, students and friends we managedto deep-freeze some of the books and plans. We shall be most gratefulfor any help with creating a new library of the Institute: donation ofbooks, periodicals, dictionaries etc. would be most welcome. Ouraddress: arupraha@arup.cas.cz Tel. no. +420 257530922 or +420 257533369 Bank account of theInstitute of Archaeology, CZ-11801 Praha 1, Letenska 4, Czech Republic:Ceska Narodni Banka Praha SWIFT: CEKOCZPP Account no.17537031/0710.' More details can be found on their website <www.arup.cas.cz> The disaster in Prague prevented Natalie Venclova from presentingher review of the outstanding exhibition in Frankfurt, where, in oneroom, the major large-scale figurative sculptures of Iron Age Europewere assembled. Fortunately for those who did not see the exhibition,the excellent catalogue is still available (Baitinger & Pinsker2002). In the same city, we came across the stimulating Museum ofArchitecture. While younger members of the family were spontaneouslyengaged in creating a Mies Van der Rohe Van Der Ro��he?See Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe. skyscraper from Lego in thecentral Atrium, we quickly moved past a temporary exhibition glorifyingFrankfurt airport, towards a highly recommended permanent display on thehistory of architecture. This original sequence of dioramas moves fromthe `primordial hut' of Nice in the Palaeolithic, through GatalHuyuk, Sumer and Mycenae towards a substantial Frankfurt skyscraper thathad previously escaped our parochial interest. British sites were wellrepresented in the later sequence--Bath and the CrystalPalace--including the only archaeological site (Ironbridge), but we didconsider the deliberate juxtaposition of the 19th-century London slumand Modern Low Income Housing from 1920s Frankfurt a trifle unfortunate. What of the future of ANTIQUITY? As has been reported elsewhere, wethe current editors, now both in demanding full-time employment, decidedagainst re-applying for a second five-year term of office, to ensureANTIQUITY's continuing energy and success. As best we can, we havepublished every article that we have accepted, passing on to the neweditor the reviewers' comments on new articles, so that he can makehis mark from the first issue. We warmly welcome the new editor, MARTINCARVER, and are delighted to offer him space to introduce a firstoutline of his vision for the first of the next steps in the comingdecades. He writes: `I want first of all to sustain the excellent academic reputationand broad range that you and Caroline have achieved. ANTIQUITY willremain a primary vehicle for ambitious archaeological papers ofinternational interest, and the chief purpose of the journal will be topresent these papers. Although I shall keep the 6000-word limit, I planto scrap the distinction between "article" and"note" and let papers find their appropriate length within thelimit. The papers will appear in two sections: "ResearchReports" (which advance our ideas about the past) and"Methodology" (which advances the way we investigate it).While I have no intention of dumbing down in any sense, I shall do mybest to make all the papers comprehensible to all the members of thebroader archaeological family; this is what most of my dialogue withauthors is likely to be about. I would also like to encourage authors tosend in plenty of illustrations and will offer them colour whenever wecan. I hope to attract papers from across the world and across oursubject, including the archaeology relating to the last two millenniaand major investigations in the commercial sector. (To this end I haverecruited a number of "Correspondents" which will replace thepresent team of Advisory Editors. The Correspondents' job will beto seek out new material proactively, and in some cases help the authorsto produce it in a language and form suitable for ANTIQUITY. Followingthe papers there will be a "Debates and Issues" section, wherematters bearing on our particular era can be aired, and then plenty ofreviews (including "Among the New Books"), and obituaries,notices etc. at the end). I also want to develop the web-site to give aneven fuller service to our readers and would-be readers. Un-refereedshort announcements about new or on-going projects and new discoveries,which at present appear in the "Colour Section", will beoffered space in a "Project Gallery" on the web-site in stead,where they will still look like a page from ANTIQUITY, but can alsocarry the clickable URL URLin full Uniform Resource LocatorAddress of a resource on the Internet. The resource can be any type of file stored on a server, such as a Web page, a text file, a graphics file, or an application program. of the project concerned. (I hope to be able toincrease the range of web functions in line with modern thinking--toinclude for example responses to "Debates and Issues" and,eventually, all the back numbers in searchable form. The web will alsoprobably play the role of the present "Supplement". I am sureI shall find some things are hard to do in practice, and others would beeasy, but I have not thought of them. So I would be very glad to hearfrom all subscribers how they view these ideas, plus any of their own.)In brief, the new ANTIQUITY will dress in the clothes of its own day,but beneath them will beat the heart of the journal founded by O.G.S.Crawford.' We heartily wish Martin and his team every success. References BAITINGER, H. & B. PINSKER. (ed.). 2002. Das Ratsel der Kelten.Vom Glauberg. Stuttgart: Theiss. CRAWFORD, O.G.S. 1936. Editorial Notes, Antiquity 10: 385-90. 1955.Said and Done. London: Phoenix House. DANIEL, G. 1971. OGS OGS Office of General Services (New York State)OGS Office of Graduate StudiesOGS Ontario Genealogical SocietyOGS Ontario Graduate ScholarshipOGS Ohio Genealogical Society Crawford, in E.T. Williams & K.M. Palmer(ed.), Dictionary of National Biography The Dictionary of National Biography (DNB) is a standard work of reference on notable figures from British history, published from 1885. The updated Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (ODNB 195-1970: 268-70. Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press, HAWKES, J. 1982. Mortimer Wheeler. Adventurer in archaeology.London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. KRAMER, W. 1960. The Oppidum OPPIDUM Observation des Produits Psychotropes Illicites ou D��tourn��s de leur Utilisation M��dicamenteuse (Survey of drug abuse, France)at Manching, Antiquity 34: 191-200. 2002. Gerhard Bersu ein deutscher Prahistoriker 1889-1964, Berichtder Romisch-Germanisch Kommission 82: 8-105. The AHRB AHRB Arts and Humanities Research Board (Arts & Humanities Research Board) have kindly givenus the data which show the pressure on the funding of archaeologypost-graduate studentships this year. Applications were up some 17% to atotal of 314 for all types of archaeology-related courses and thesuccess rate fell from 32-37% to 22-26%. We can only join the appeal tothe government to provide more support, since very good students remainunfunded. In our account of the pleasures of editing ANTIQUITY in the lasteditorial, we mentioned travel and noted our regret at not visiting someparts of the world, commensurate with a world journal. We mentionedspecifically Oceania and, with light-hearted intention, suggested thatthe previous editor would be disgusted with us for not achieving thisgoal. Chris Chippindale has written to us to say that we were wrong tomake this suggestion and we agree. DAVID David, in the BibleDavid,d. c.970 B.C., king of ancient Israel (c.1010–970 B.C.), successor of Saul. The Book of First Samuel introduces him as the youngest of eight sons who is anointed king by Samuel to replace Saul, who had been deemed a failure. PHILLIPSON, Professor of African Archaeology and Director ofthe Museum of Archaeology & Anthropology at Cambridge, has kindlygiven us this peroration per��o��rate?intr.v. per��o��rat��ed, per��o��rat��ing, per��o��rates1. To conclude a speech with a formal recapitulation.2. To speak at great length, often in a grandiloquent manner; declaim. from his inaugural lecture, entitled`Archaeology in Africa, and in museums', which he delivered inCambridge on 22 October, for publication. We invite comment. `Museums have responsibility for the care and presentation ofobjects, not only those relating to archaeology and other humansciences, but those of many other disciplines including geology, botanyand zoology zoology,branch of biology concerned with the study of animal life. From earliest times animals have been vitally important to man; cave art demonstrates the practical and mystical significance animals held for prehistoric man. . The questions immediately arise: care of what, presentationto whom, for what reasons? There are no simple answers. `Developing countries in Africa and elsewhere have museumcollections relating primarily to their own territories. While oftencatering for researchers, they have adopted various policies with regardto gallery audiences, some focussing primarily on local people, otherson tourists and visitors from elsewhere. It is not easy to create asingle museum display which caters to both groups: background interestsand knowledge are too diverse, even if the basic problem of language canbe overcome. `In Britain and other developed countries the problems are evengreater. For historical reasons, collections may come from many parts ofthe world. I have no time now to discuss the questions of ultimateownership and location to which this situation gives rise although, ifchallenged, I could, do so at considerable length. The sheer volume ofcollections presents very great problems which, I regret to say,government and other national agencies completely fail to appreciate.Museums in Britain today are extremely diverse: this is a strength onwhich to build, not a weakness to be eliminated through ill-consideredpressures for uniformity of purpose. `This diversity takes several forms. Museums are owned and run bycentral government (usually through appointed trustees), by localgovernment at various levels, societies, trusts, private individualsand, of course, universities. They can cater for tourists, localresidents, schoolchildren, amateur enthusiasts or academic specialists,in any combination. All these audiences are unpredictably fickle,academic specialists not excepted. Nevertheless, the prime concern ofmuseums with major collections must be to care for those collections inthe very long term, irrespective of contemporary fashion, prejudice orfluctuating interest. For more than two decades the Cambridge Departmentof Social Anthropology took virtually no interest in theUniversity's outstanding collection of ethnographic artefacts; thependulum has now swung and the collection is again intensively used forboth teaching and research. In Botany and Zoology, classificatorystudies are not currently in fashion, yet the relevant collections stillrequire maintenance. A popular and harmful misconception is that an itemcan only justify its place in a museum if it is on public display. It isincomprehensible to me how this view can be so widespread. A parallelpoint would never be made about the contents of a library. I myself havehad to ask that the pages be cut of a book that had already been in theCambridge University Library The Cambridge University Library is the centrally-administered library of the University of Cambridge in England. It comprises five separate libraries: the University Library main building the Medical Library for two hundred years. The fact that thebook was there, albeit unread, is surely a strength of the Library, nota weakness, and the same view should be taken of museum collections. `Many museums are under considerable pressure to maximise visitornumbers. In the case of museums which charge a fee for admission, thereason is obvious. Local authorities may also feel better justified insupporting those museums which cater directly for a large number oftaxpayers. The result is often pressure to attract mass audiencesthrough the activity known as "dumbing down" for which I canoffer no politically correct politically correctPolitically sensitive adjectiveReferring to language reflecting awareness and sensitivity to another person's physical, mental, cultural, or other disadvantages or deviations from a norm; a person is not mentally retarded, but euphemism. This is not only an insult tothe intelligence of the museum visitor; it can also alienate as manypeople as it attracts. It is thus particularly sad that it appears tohave been embraced by bodies such as the Department of Culture, Media& Sport (DCMS (Digital Content Management System) See DAMS. ), the Council for Museums, Archives & Libraries,and the Trustees of the British Museum, all of whom should know better.A second basis for this idea derives from the pervasive view that thebenefit of the individual is paramount. This philosophy is at the rootof much current governmental thinking about higher education. How elsecan one understand the view that the sole significant beneficiary of auniversity education is the individual graduate who should thus beburdened with accumulated debt to be offset against notional futureearnings? Can the view be seriously taken that a cadre of well educatedspecialists is of no benefit to our national community as a whole? NoAfrican government with which I have had contact would take such amyopic my��o��pi��a?n.1. A visual defect in which distant objects appear blurred because their images are focused in front of the retina rather than on it; nearsightedness. Also called short sight.2. view. `The relationship between DCMS and the Museums, Archives &Libraries Council is particularly worrying. The Council was set uppartly to succeed the old Museums & Galleries Commission, one ofwhose functions was "to advise Government" on all aspects ofpolicy relating to museums. Now, however, the Council sees itself as animplementer of DCMS policy. Where, one must ask, is policy made, and onwhose advice? `Both bodies are very properly concerned that as many people aspossible should have access to museums, whose potential contributions tolife-long learning and to the tourist trade are rightly stressed.Neither contribution, however, will be realised unless museumcollections are properly researched, interpreted and understood. Thisrequires specialist academic input. `The problems of the British Museum are partly, but not entirely,traceable to the same sources. There is an alarmingly widespread, butnonetheless deplorable, lack of appreciation of the value of the BritishMuseum as an academic institution. Its collections are a superbresource, to be exploited not only through the creation of publicexhibitions, but in the furtherance of international scholarship. Thenew Great Court is a triumph on all scores other than economic ones. Yetthe Museum has felt it necessary (or appropriate) to present two recentexhibitions on western Asian archaeology under the respective umbrellasof Agatha Christie and the Queen of Sheba Queen of Shebasultry Biblical queen who visits Solomon. [O.T.: I Kings 10]See : Beauty, Sensual , two wholly admirable ladies,but surely distractions from the main subjects of the exhibitions. Thisnot only misleads or insults the visitor, but also belittles theacademic standing of the Museum, which in turn exacerbates governmentalmisunderstanding. Meanwhile, the Audit Commission worries because aproportion of the Museum's holdings are not on display. Why shouldthey be, so long as they are available for study and as a basis for thescholarship which underpins public exhibitions? No-one complains becausebooks in the British Library remain on their shelves until someonewishes to read them. Why should the British Museum's coins orcuneiform cuneiform(kynē`ĭfôrm)[Lat.,=wedge-shaped], system of writing developed before the last centuries of the 4th millennium B.C. tablets be regarded differently? `In this sorry state of affairs, university museums have aparticularly important role. In Cambridge and elsewhere, theircollections are in the same class as those in the national museums, yetthey operate in close collaboration with the academic faculties anddepartments of which they are, in many cases, integral parts. They havea responsibility to preserve their collections through the vagaries ofchanging academic fashion. As custodians of significant parts of theinternational cultural heritage, they and their parent universities havea moral duty to make these materials available to the widest possibleaudience, so long as this does not prejudice the over-riding need topreserve. It is in the universities' own interests that this shouldbe so: their museums provide an ideal means of explaining and displayingtheir work and possessions to a wider public, including the taxpayerswho ultimately provide much of their support. This does not mean thatuniversity museums should pretend that they are just like other museumsbut happen to belong to universities. On the contrary, they are uniqueand valuable institutions in their own right: they should emphasise thatuniqueness and the fact that, in the unfortunate circumstances which Ihave described, they are almost alone in maintaining the traditionallink between material collections and academic research. They are anessential base for the two prime functions of a university--teaching andresearch, yet their value also extends far beyond the universities ofwhich they are parts. They play a growing role in preserving theheritage for the future as well as for the present. In today'spolitical climate of short-term opportunism OpportunismArabella, Ladysquire’s wife matchmakes with money in mind. [Br. Lit.: Doctor Thorne]Ashkenazi, Simchashrewdly and unscrupulously becomes merchant prince. [Yiddish Lit. and focus on the individual,that is a vital investment.' SIMON Simon,in the Bible.1 One of the Maccabees.2 or Simon Peter: see Peter, Saint.3 See Simon, Saint.4 Kinsman of Jesus.5 Leper of Bethany in whose house a woman anointed Jesus' feet. KANER has kindly contributed this obituary of ProfessorSAHARA MAKOTO, an avid reader of ANTIQUITY, whom the Editor had thepleasure to meet in Japan. Sahara Makoto 1932-2002 Sahara Makoto, former Director of the National Museum of JapaneseHistory, died on 10 July 2002. Born in 1932 in Osaka, his interest inarchaeology was awakened by discovering pottery stoneware stoneware,hard pottery made from siliceous paste, fired at high temperature to vitrify (make glassy) the body. Stoneware is heavier and more opaque than porcelain and differs from terra-cotta in being nonporous and nonabsorbent. sherds from akiln in Toyonaka City while still at nursery school and by the age of 10he was already reading about archaeology and museums. In his lastpublished book, typical of a man whose being was interwoven in��ter��weave?v. in��ter��wove , in��ter��wo��ven , inter��weav��ing, inter��weavesv.tr.1. To weave together.2. To blend together; intermix.v.intr. withJapanese archaeology, he divided his life into six sections mirroringthe six subdivisions of the long forager Jomon period: Incipient,Initial, Early, Middle, Late and Final. Sahara Makoto was interested in the big questions of Japanesearchaeology and was very concerned to bring the Japanese past to a wideraudience, as demonstrated by his book Nihonjin no Tanjo [The Birth ofJapanese people] (1987, published by Shogakkan). This was an engagingblend of archaeology, ethnography and Sahara's own take on the roleof archaeology in modern Japan, in particular using archaeology tocreate a prehistoric identity for the Japanese, linking modern Japanesepopulations to the prehistoric inhabitants of the archipelago. Thisinterest in outreach led him to publish in 1991 a manga Japanesecomic-book style account of early Japanese history from Jomon times tothe Heian period. Sahara had an exceptional ability to convey themessage of archaeology to ordinary Japanese--always ensuring that heused language that was easy to follow and setting his interpretations inidiom that was familiar to his audience, and making linkages between thepast and the present. He was very aware of the political significance ofthe field, in a country where no versions of the past were allowed priorto 1945 which contradicted the government-authorized accounts based onimperial mythology. His career spanned the great discoveries of Japaneseprehistory prehistory,period of human evolution before writing was invented and records kept. The term was coined by Daniel Wilson in 1851. It is followed by protohistory, the period for which we have some records but must still rely largely on archaeological evidence to , and it is with some pride that he noted that recently eventhe construction of, the new Prime Minister's residency in Tokyohad to be preceded by an archaeological investigation. Sahara and thearchaeologists of his generation have been very successful at placingarchaeology and an informed interest in the past at the heart of theJapanese cultural agenda. He considered that archaeology had anever-increasing significance, and at the opening of the third millenniumsaw the potential the discipline had for fostering peace, equality andfreedom. With his finger ever on the pulse of cultural trends, he alsonoted the current increase in women archaeological researchers in Japanand endorsed the emergence of gender archaeology, at a time when theJapanese government is making moves towards promoting equality betweenthe sexes. His passion for the preservation of important archaeologicalremains was perhaps best illustrated by his intervention in the site ofYoshinogari, a major Yayoi settlement in Kyushu in the late 1980s, usinghis considerable influence with the media to stir up a storm of protestover the planned destruction of this site of national importance. His main focus was the archaeology of the Jomon and Yayoi periods,which he studied under the two great figures of mid 20th-centuryJapanese archaeology, Yamanouchi Sugao and Kobayashi Yukio. During histenure at the National Museum of Japanese History (1993-2001) he alsodeveloped his interest in the origins of war. This interest culminatedin a controversial exhibition exploring the origins and experiences ofwar at the National Museum of Japanese History, a topic which for longbordered on the taboo in this country whose constitution renounces war.Another theme which was of particular interest to Sahara was that ofearly Japanese art, and he brought a cognitive and psychologicalapproach to the scenes on the bronze bells of the Yayoi period and theoccasional examples of representational art found on Jomon pottery. Sahara was a great friend and supporter of foreign archaeologistsworking in the world of Japanese cultural heritage, which from theoutside can sometimes seem puzzlingly opaque. He was keenly aware of theimportance of the international context of Japanese archaeology, whichhe traced back to the American zoologist Edward S. Morse Edward Sylvester Morse (June 18, 1838 – December 20, 1925) was an American zoologist and orientalist.He was born in Portland, Maine. He was expelled from a series of schools as a boy. (the excavator ex��ca��va��torn.An instrument, such as a sharp spoon or curette, used in scraping out pathological tissue.excavator (eks´k of the shell mounds at Omori), who brought scientific archaeology toJapan in the 1870s, and in whose work he had a long-standing interest,and promoted the internationalization The support for monetary values, time and date for countries around the world. It also embraces the use of native characters and symbols in the different alphabets. See localization, i18n, Unicode and IDN. internationalization - internationalisation of the field. Like many of hiscontemporaries in Japanese archaeology, he was greatly influenced by thewritings of V. Gordon Childe, an inspiration which continued into hisretirement from the National Museum in 2001. He studied German at OsakaUniversity of Foreign Languages from 1953 to 1957 and spent time as avisiting scholar in Germany; he had a repertoire of Lieder with which hewould entertain many an audience. He was a generous facilitator, both atthe Nara National Archaeological Research Institute and at the NationalMuseum of Japanese History, always prepared to find time to show avisitor how to make cords for cord-marking Jomon pottery, or to pull outobscure references from his famous midden middendungheap. of books to aid a piece ofresearch. Japanese archaeology has lost one of its diagnostic features. Simon Stoddart And Caroline Malone *