Emissaries in the Promised Land: Manya Shohat, Chaim Arlosoroff, and Enzo Sereni in the USA.

Emissaries in the Promised Land: Manya Shohat, Chaim Arlosoroff, and Enzo Sereni in the USA. THE STUDY OF ZIONISM IN THE AMERICAN SETTNG IS not a simple,straightforward matter. To begin with, American Zionism is a term thatcontinues to elude scholarly consensus. Can a movement that producedbarely a trickle of Jewish immigrants to Palestine be considered Zionistin comparison, say, to its robust and spontaneous East Europeancounterpart? [1] Furthermore, American Jewry's relationship to theLand of Israel and Zionism is, in general, a complex phenomenon thatraises a host of social, religious, economic, and political questions.[2] Why, for example, do American leaders of proto-Zionist and earlyZionist activity spring disproportionately from the rabbinate rab��bin��ate?n.1. The office or function of a rabbi.2. Rabbis considered as a group.[From obsolete rabbin, rabbi; see rabbinical. and otherelite "German" Jewish cohorts? What social-political functiondid Zionism serve for the Yiddish-speaking immigrant community in theUnited States United States,officially United States of America, republic (2005 est. pop. 295,734,000), 3,539,227 sq mi (9,166,598 sq km), North America. The United States is the world's third largest country in population and the fourth largest country in area. ? Why do Zionist groups produce such widely divergentvariations on the same political theme--the establishment in Palestineof a Jewish National Home--and what accounts for the similarities,dissimilarities, and opposition among such groups? What constitutes American Zionism usually depends upon who isasking the question. Thus a Russian intellectual named Chaim Zhitlowsky Chaim Zhitlowsky (1865-1943) was a Jewish socialist, philosopher, social and political thinker, writer and literary critic born in Russia. BiographyIssued by the Zhitlowsky Anniversary Committee in 1935[1]: ,who spent extended time in the United States Time in the United States, by law, is divided into nine standard time zones covering the states and its possessions, with most of the United States observing daylight saving time for part of the year. , may be considered one ofthe high priests of Zionism to the East European Jewish immigrantcommunity. But to the modem historian Zhitlowsky is a Yiddishist forwhom "language and literature became surrogates for land andstate," "an alternate religion," and a "class-warweapon." [3] Or consider the odyssey of Judah L. Magnes, anAmerican Reform rabbi and Zionist leader who immigrated to Palestine,switched party allegiances, and joined the binationalist camp of BritShalom This article is about the Jewish-Palestinian reconciliation organisation. For the Jewish naming ceremony, see brit shalom.Brit Shalom (Hebrew: (Covenant of Peace). Ostracized by American Jewry's elite,Magnes gravitated to a community of central European intellectuals inJerusalem where he found a home amenable to his unorthodox dissidentviews. [4] The remarkable transformation of American Jewish politics betweenWorld Wars I and II was aided in significant ways by a small group ofLabor Zionist shlihim (emissaries) who undertook long-term missions inthe United States. These individuals established an important footholdin the United States for the Palestinian labor movement, cultivatedclose relations between American Jews American Jews, or Jewish Americans, are American citizens or resident aliens who were born into the Jewish community or who have converted to Judaism. The United States is home to one of the largest Jewish communities in the world. and the Yishuv, and played a roledisproportionate to their size and strength in helping to formulate theprogram and outlook of American Jews. Three shlihim stand out asparticularly instructive models: Manya Shohat (1880-1961), ChaimArlosoroff (1899-1933), and Enzo Sereni Enzo Sereni (1905–November 18, 1944) was an Italian Zionist, founder of Kibbutz Giv'at Brenner, scholar, advocate of Jewish-Arab coexistence and a resistance fighter who was parachuted into Nazi-occupied Italy in WW II, captured by the Germans and executed in Dachau (1905-1944). These figures,arguably the most important shlihim of the interwar period “Interbellum” redirects here. For other uses, see Interbellum (disambiguation).The interwar period (also interbellum) is understood within Western culture to be the period between the end of the First World War and the beginning of the Second World War in , exerted astrong influence on the ascendant East European Jewish immigrantcommunity and developed close relations with many leading Jewishcultural and political figures. Shohat, Arlosoroff, and Sereni wereparticularly well suited to Labor Zionism's strategy of capturing the minds and hearts of young American Jews and Yiddish-speakingimmigrant groups. [5] Their success stemmed from their ability to offerviable alternatives to dissident forces within American Zionism and toprovide Labor Zionism Labor Zionism (Labour Zionism, Heb. ציונות סוציאליסטית, tsionut sotsialist with new models for reaching out to the AmericanJewish community. With their unusual talents for independent thinkingand political action, they cast a wide net over an array of Zionistactivists, Jewish youth organizations The following is a list of Jewish youth organizations.Name Denominational affiliation Zionist affiliation Organizational affiliateAssociation of Jewish Sixthformers Crosscommunal Zionist , student societies, and summercamps that mushroomed between the world wars. Tens of thousands ofAmerican Jews spent their formative years in these frameworks. [6] Fromthis cohort emerged a sizable number of American Jewry's foremostcommunal leaders, rabbis, educators, and social workers-men and womenwho later shaped American Jewish popular culture. Manya Shohat The Arab riots of 1920-21, which resulted in the murder of theLabor Zionist figures People who played important roles in the definition, development and growth of the modern Zionist movement: Chaim Arlosoroff David Ben-Gurion David Baazov Meir Bar-Ilan, rabbi and leader of Religious Zionists (National Religious Party) Menachem Begin Yosef Trumpeldor, the hero of Tel Hai Tel Hai (Hebrew: תל חי‎, meaning "Hill of Life" in Hebrew; Talha in Arabic) is the modern name of a settlement in northern Israel, the site of an early battle in the Arab-Israeli , and YosefHaim Brenner Yosef Haim Brenner, alternately Yosef Chaim Brenner, (1881 - 1921) was a Ukrainian-born Hebrew-language author, one of the pioneers of modern Hebrew literature. Early lifeBrenner was born to a poor family of Jews in Novi Mlini (Ukraine). , the important Hebrew writer, shocked the Yishuv andZionist supporters in the diaspora. In the wake of these events, ManyaShohat, then forty-one years old, was chosen to participate in aHistadrut delegation to the United States that also included YosefBaratz, a founder of Kibbutz kibbutz:see collective farm. kibbutzIsraeli communal settlement in which all wealth is held in common and profits are reinvested in the settlement. The first kibbutz was founded in Palestine in 1909; most have since been agricultural. Degania, and Berl Katznelson Berl Katznelson (1887 - 1944) was one the intellectual founders of Labor Zionism, instrumental to the establishment of the modern State of Israel, and the editor of Davar, the first daily newspaper of the workers' movement. , one of thePalestinian labor movement's preeminent thinkers. The three were totravel to the United States in order to promote investment in theHistadrut's newly created Bank Hapoalim Bank Hapoalim (Hebrew: בנק הפועלים‎ lit. Bank of the Workers) is the largest Israeli bank. (Workers' Bank). Once in the United States, however, Shohat, a Russian-born veteranof radical socialist and Zionist activity, also hoped secretly to raiseseveral thousand dollars to procure weapons for the Haganah (Defense),the Histadrut-sponsored paramilitary organization Noun 1. paramilitary organization - a group of civilians organized in a military fashion (especially to operate in place of or to assist regular army troops)paramilitary, paramilitary force, paramilitary organisation, paramilitary unit that succeeded theelite Zionist self-defense group known as Hashomer (The HebrewWatchman WATCHMAN. An officer in many cities and towns, whose duty it is to watch during the night and take care of the property of the inhabitants. 2. He possesses generally the common law authority of a constable (q.v. ). In fact, Shohat had good reason to believe she wouldaccomplish her objective. Several years earlier, Hashomer had sought aloan of $ 10,000 from the Provisional Executive Committee for GeneralZionist Affairs in order to finance its daily operations. [7] Though therequest was not granted in full, the Brandeis group did help to makesubstantial financial assistance available. Now, Shohat hoped, thedramatic nature of events in Palestine would impel im��pel?tr.v. im��pelled, im��pel��ling, im��pels1. To urge to action through moral pressure; drive: I was impelled by events to take a stand.2. To drive forward; propel. American Zionistleaders to aid the Haganah. To this end, she and her comrade, RahelYanait, sought to obtain a letter of introduction from Henrietta Szold Henrietta Szold (December 21, 1860 – February 13, 1945) was a U.S. Jewish scholar and Zionist leader.Born in Baltimore, Maryland, the daughter of a rabbi, she studied Talmud and established the first American night school, intended to provide English language ,the highly respected American Zionist leader and founder of Hadassah.With Szold's blessing, Shohat and Yanait reasoned, they might winthe tacit if not material support of the "Brandeis group,"consisting of Julian W. Mack, Stephen S. Wise, Horace M. Kallen, JacobDeHaas, and other influential American Jews led by Louis D. Brandeis,for the Palestinian labor movement's cause. It was also clear thatthe Brandeis group could open doors to other potential American Jewishpatrons. Although Szold sympathized with the defense needs of the laborsettlements--she even wrote a letter of introduction for Shohat whichwas subsequently retracted--she was reluctant to sponsor Shohat'sclandestine activities. As president of Hadassah, Szold explained, shehad a moral obligation not to engage in illegal activities that couldjeopardize the American organization's credibility. Shohat departed Palestine without a letter of introduction fromSzold. She continued to hope, however, that Yanait might yet persuadeSzold to endorse her mission. [8] In August 1921, Shohat arrived in theUnited States by herself. The fact that she had no documentation tovouchsafe vouch��safe?tr.v. vouch��safed, vouch��saf��ing, vouch��safesTo condescend to grant or bestow (a privilege, for example); deign. her credentials did not deter her from approaching prominentAmerican Jewish leaders. Judah L. Magnes, the maverick Zionist rabbi andcommunal leader, was particularly receptive and helpful to Shohat. Infact, Magnes introduced Shohat to Max Pine of the United Hebrew Tradesand Joseph Schlossberg of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America The Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America was a United States labor union known for its support for "social unionism" and progressive political causes. Led by Sidney Hillman for its first thirty years, it helped found the Congress of Industrial Organizations. ,two important Jewish labor leaders who later headed the Labor ZionistGeverkshaftn (Trades) campaign. [9] Magnes also helped to establishlinks between Shohat and other Jewish immigrant leaders and served asone of the organizers of the American Workers' Committee for theWorkers' Bank in Palestine. The initial enthusiasm of Magnes, Pine, Schlossberg, and others forthe Labor Zionist projects foundered when the Bundist bund?1?n.1. An embankment or dike, especially in India.2. A street running along a harbor or waterway, especially in the Far East. leader VladimirMedem publicly attacked Shohat and the Histadrut delegation in theleading Yiddish daily Der forverts (The Forward) in December 1921. In anarticle entitled "Some Remarks About the Zionist Workers'Delegation," Medem accused Shohat of having collaborated with thetsarist authorities and acting as an "agent provocateur a��gent pro��vo��ca��teur?n. pl. a��gents pro��vo��ca��teursA person employed to associate with suspected individuals or groups with the purpose of inciting them to commit acts that will make them liable to punishment. ." Healso argued that "the few Jewish workers in Palestine" wronglyreceived a "disproportionate amount" of American Jewish funds,including the support of the Jewish labor movement. Let the Zionists go to the Zionists. The American labor movement,however, has no stake in this matter. The American labor movement mustassist those who need it the most. The Palestinians account for perhapstwo or three percent [of all Jewish workers]. They have already receivedseveral hundredfold of what is their due. It is time to call a stop. Itis time to fulfill our obligations toward those in the Europeancountries. [10] A protracted pro��tract?tr.v. pro��tract��ed, pro��tract��ing, pro��tracts1. To draw out or lengthen in time; prolong: disputants who needlessly protracted the negotiations.2. public debate followed Medem's article. In aseries of published letters and essays that appeared in Der forverts andthe Poalei Zion newspaper Die zeit DIE ZEIT (pronounced /diː tsait/, in English, literally The Time, more idiomatically The Times) is a German nationwide weekly newspaper that is highly respected for its quality journalism. (The Times), Shohat, Medem, and otherveterans of the Zionist-socialist skirmishes that colored Jewish life inrevolutionary Russia debated anew questions of nationalism vs.universalism UniversalismBelief in the salvation of all souls. Arising as early as the time of Origen and at various points in Christian history, the concept became an organized movement in North America in the mid-18th century. , Zionism vs. communism, and, in particular, Shohat'sbehavior under the tsarist regime. When it became clear thatMedem's allegations might all but eclipse the Histadrutdelegation's propaganda efforts, Shohat insisted that anon-partisan "court of honor a court or tribunal to investigate and decide questions relating to points of honor; as a court of chivalry, or a military court to investigate acts or omissions which are unofficerlike or ungentlemanly in their nature.See also: Honor " of the Jewish labor movementhold a hearing in order to settle the matter. Medem, however, refused toappear before any such tribunal and the dispute came to an abrupt halt.[11] After two months of battle, Shohat's image was tarnished butintact. She related to Palestinian labor leader Yizhak Ben-Zvi that"the affair no longer interferes with our work. Public opinion isagainst (Medem) and in my favor, but it would be a shame to give upcompletely without some further propaganda." [12] In the meanwhile, Shohat's persistent efforts, aided by theforce of events in Palestine, persuaded the Brandeis group to supportLabor's call for arming the Yishuv. After two months of careful,systematic lobbying activity, Shohat won a pledge of $20,000 from theBrandeis group. The funds were held in abeyance A lapse in succession during which there is no person in whom title is vested. In the law of estates, the condition of a freehold when there is no person in whom it is vested. In such cases the freehold has been said to be in nubibus (in the clouds), in pendenti , however, as a result ofcounter-propaganda efforts orchestrated or��ches��trate?tr.v. or��ches��trat��ed, or��ches��trat��ing, or��ches��trates1. To compose or arrange (music) for performance by an orchestra.2. by Alexander Aaronsohn, aleading Yishuv spokesman associated with Bnei Benyamin, an associationof second-generation private farmers. Aaronsohn, like his late brotherAaron Aaronsohn, the popular Palestinian agronomist and discoverer ofwild wheat, was highly regarded by Brandeis and his followers. The Aaronsohns vigorously opposed the Labor Zionist movement'sefforts to centralize the Yishuv's self-defense activity and werestaunch adversaries of the Histadrut. Additionally, owing to owing toprep.Because of; on account of: I couldn't attend, owing to illness.owing toprep → debido a, por causa deintra-Laborquarrels concerning the supervision and disbursement DISBURSEMENT. Literally, to take money out of a purse. Figuratively, to pay out money; to expend money; and sometimes it signifies to advance money. 2. of American funds The neutrality of this section is disputed.Please see the discussion on the talk page. ,Shohat was unable to persuade the Brandeis group to release the moniesintended for the Haganah. [13] In the end, Aaronsohn convinced theBrandeis group to transfer its pledge to his associates in ZikhronYaakov. Despite this setback, Shohat managed to raise an additional fewthousand dollars from private sources. She sent the money directly toVienna where her husband, Israel Shohat, coordinated the purchase andshipment of weapons for the Haganah in Palestine. Shohat also devoted her considerable energies to cultivating theactive support of American Poalei Zion. Though numerically insignificantcompared to the 150,000 member strong Zionist Organization of America The Zionist Organization of America (ZOA), founded in 1897, was one of the first official Zionist organizations in the United States, and, especially early in the 20th century, the primary representative of the Jews of the United States to the World Zionist Organization, espousing (ZOA zo��a?n.A plural of zoon1. ), including Hadassah, and smaller than Mizrahi's 18,000members, Shohat believed that the Labor Zionists could act as aneffective pressure group within American Zionism. [14] Unlike the ZOA orHadassah, she asserted, who had no direct access to the "Jewishlaboring masses," the movement's network of 200 clubs, with acombined national membership of 7,000, provided a conduit to the Jewishimmigrant community throughout the United States. [15] American LaborZionists, she averred, were the bedrock of Labor Palestine'ssupport in the "dollar land." After a few months of propaganda activity which failed to generatesignificant new fundraising or political work, Shohat became dispirited dis��pir��it��ed?adj.Affected or marked by low spirits; dejected. See Synonyms at depressed.dis��pirit��ed��ly adv.Adj. ."The entire movement here is worthless!" she lamented in aletter to her Palestinian comrades. "Here the party does not workwell. Everything is superficial." Poalei Zion's political andcultural activities amounted to no more than a "tempest in ateacup." [16] Despite its small size, she related, the party wasbeset by factional disputes. And there is no peace among them, "Left,""Right," Left," "Right," discussions anddiscussions, and speeches and noise.... These members are waiting forsome new, big, momentous event and then they will work and devote theirefforts. They are fed up with the way they have worked thus far and [theparty newspaper] Die zeit [The Times] ... is folding. It is amazing howmuch money this paper has eaten up and it has not survived. It ate upall the energy of the members, all their money and in the end there isno possibility of continuing it. I am afraid that bankruptcy will arrivetogether with Berl [Katznelson] and then we will have to get out ofhere. And all this is not because ... there is no place for a newspapersuch as this, on the contrary it is needed and very important. It isbecause the administration of the newspaper is totally ineffective. Isit true that we workers have no administrative ability? I do notunderstand it. [17] The eventual closure of Die zeit proved to be a source of profounddemoralization de��mor��al��ize?tr.v. de��mor��al��ized, de��mor��al��iz��ing, de��mor��al��iz��es1. To undermine the confidence or morale of; dishearten: an inconsistent policy that demoralized the staff. for the American movement. [18] Under the presentcircumstances, Shohat asserted, the American party American party:see Know-Nothing movement. could hardly bedepended upon to promote investment in Bank Hapoalim, let alone raisefunds for the Haganah. Additionally, as Shohat quickly discovered, theHistadrut delegation found itself inadvertently competing with theAmerican movement's Gezeig campaign, a fundraising initiativedesigned to send tools and farm machinery to the Palestinian kvuzot(workers' colonies), and the comparatively well organized KerenHayesod Keren Hayesod – United Israel Appeal (Hebrew: קרן היסוד‎, literally "The Foundation Fund") is the central fundraising organization for Israel throughout the world campaign. [19] In order to avoid over-taxing the movement'sscarce internal resources, Shohat created an ad hoc committee ad hoc committeeA committee formed with the purpose of addressing a specific issue or issues, which theoretically is disbanded once its raison d'etre is finished of femalemovement members that proposed to raise $10,000 worth of kitchen andlaundry equipment for the struggling kvuzot from the community at large.[20] The women's committee elicited the interest of a cadre offemale Poalei Zion members who worked hard to achieve their goal. Thoughneit her the women's group nor its campaign emerged asShohat's top priority, her efforts did lay the ground work forPioneer Women, the Labor Zionist women's organization in the UnitedStates that was created two years later. [21] In 1922, Shohat left the United States without having realized herobjective of raising substantial funds for the Haganah. Nor was theHistadrut delegation's campaign to promote investment in BankHapoalim entirely successful. [22] However, Shohat's tirelesspropaganda efforts and forceful personality did win her several friendsin important immigrant and mainstream American Jewish circles.Furthermore, her creative energies helped to build bridges between theJewish workers' movements in Palestine and the United States,establish relations between the leadership of American Zionism and theHistadrut, and lay the groundwork for the Labor Zionist Geverkshaftncampaign and the Pioneer Women's Organization. Chaim Arlosoroff Chaim Arlosoroff, a co-founder of the German branch of Zeirei ZionHitahdut (Union of the Youth of Zion), a moderate non-Marxist Zionistparty popular among intellectuals in eastern and central Europe Central Europe is the region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and Western Europe. In addition, Northern, Southern and Southeastern Europe may variously delimit or overlap into Central Europe. , emergedas a rising star of Zionist politics and a brilliant economist in theearly 1920s. Inspired by the philosopher A. D. Gordon's cosmicvision The Cosmic Vision 2015-2025 is ESA's roadmap for scientific space based missions.The initial call of ideas and concepts was launched in 2004 with a subsequent workshop held in Paris to define more fully the themes of the Vision under the broader headings of Astronomy and of physical toil and national redemption, Arlosoroff subscribedto the voluntaristic notion of kibush haavodah (the conquest of labor).[23] His Zionist thinking was also substantially shaped by thescientific rigors of the German academy. Out of this mixture, hedeveloped an original synthesis of popular socialism Popular Socialism (Danish: Folkesocialisme) is a distinct Scandinavian socialist current. Around the world there are many parties called Popular Socialist Party or likewise, which does not really imply any specific ideological direction. and pragmaticZionism. In contrast to Gordon's vague political views and theprevailing Marxist Zionist doctrine of eastern Europe Eastern EuropeThe countries of eastern Europe, especially those that were allied with the USSR in the Warsaw Pact, which was established in 1955 and dissolved in 1991. , Arlosoroffpromoted what came to be known as a "constructivist con��struc��tiv��ism?n.A movement in modern art originating in Moscow in 1920 and characterized by the use of industrial materials such as glass, sheet metal, and plastic to create nonrepresentational, often geometric objects. " Zionistagenda. He maintained that Zionist pioneering and the development of theYishuv's socioeconomic infrastructure would eventually enable theZionist enterp rise to stake a claim for a Jewish state. [24]Consequently, Arlosoroff supported Chaim Weizmann's conciliatory con��cil��i��ate?v. con��cil��i��at��ed, con��cil��i��at��ing, con��cil��i��atesv.tr.1. To overcome the distrust or animosity of; appease.2. policies towards the British authorities which emphasized "economicand social initiatives within the political conditions created by theMandate." [25] Arlosoroff also agreed with Weizmann's strategy of enlargingthe Jewish Agency in the hope of generating broad communal and financialsupport for the Zionist enterprise. Weizmann, a seasoned politician andstatesman, appreciated the youthful Arlosoroff's remarkabletalents. [26] In 1926 he included the twenty-four-year-old in a WZO WZO World Zionist OrganizationWZO World Zoroastrian Organisation (World Zionist Organization The World Zionist Organization, or WZO, was founded as the Zionist Organization, or ZO, in 1897 at the First Zionist Congress, held from August 29 to August 31 in Basel, Switzerland . ) delegation to the United States. Thedelegation aimed to secure support for the notion of an expanded JewishAgency in which American non-Zionists would be equally represented. Inparticular, Weizmann sought to enlist the participation of wealthy andinfluential American Jewish leaders like the eminent lawyer LouisMarshall, the merchant Julius Rosenwald Julius Rosenwald (August 12 1862 – January 6, 1932) was a U.S. clothier, manufacturer, business executive, and philanthropist. He is best known as a part-owner and leader of Sears, Roebuck and Company, and for the Rosenwald Fund which donated millions to support the , and the banker Felix M.Warburg Felix Moritz Warburg (1871-20th September 1937) was a member of the Hamburg, Germany, Warburg banking family. He was a grandson of Moses Marcus Warburg, one of the founders of the bank, M. M. Warburg, which was founded in that city, in 1798. He was a partner in Kuhn, Loeb & Co. . Such individuals, it was believed, would attract a large groupof affluent non-Zionists who could readily resolve the movement'sfinancial troubles. [27] As a member of the Weizmann delegation, Arlosoroff witnessed the"Tun TUN, measure. A vessel of wine or oil, containing four hogsheads. und Treiben" (conduct and activity) of American Zionismfirst-hand. [28] A thoughtful observer of the American Jewish scene,Arlosoroff was careful not to let his own biases interfere with hisanalysis of the ZOA's Lipsky administration or the local oppositiongroups led by the Journalist Jacob de Haas Jacob de Haas (1872 - 1937) was an UK Chassidic Jew and a leader for modern Zionism movement.He introduced Theodor Herzl to the UK on the "Jewish World".He moved to USA in 1902. and the prominent Zionistrabbi Stephen S. Wise. Though appalled by what he considered thehypocrisy and degeneracy Degeneracy (quantum mechanics)A term referring to the fact that two or more stationary states of the same quantum-mechanical system may have the same energy even though their wave functions are not the same. of the ZOA leadership, Arlosoroff refrainedfrom publicly criticizing the American movement. What was needed, heargued, was constructive Zionist information and intensive educationalwork. Thus following his participation in the Weizmann delegation, heagreed to return to the United States as an emissary EMISSARY. One who is sent from one power or government into another nation for the purpose of spreading false rumors and to cause alarm. He differs from a spy. (q.v.) of the Palestinianlabor movement. In 1928 and again in 1929 Arlosoroff spent extended time in theUnited States, where he sought to involve himself in the daily culturalaffairs and political life of American Zionism. Naturally, he turned tothe Labor Zionist movement Noun 1. Zionist movement - a movement of world Jewry that arose late in the 19th century with the aim of creating a Jewish state in PalestineZionism for support and resources. The Poalei Zionand Zeirei Zion parties benefited considerably from his presence. Hefrequently contributed articles to the Labor Zionist Yiddish newspaperFarn folk (For the People), which was edited by his friend and associateHayim Greenberg Hayim Greenberg (חַיִּים גרינברג; 1889, Bessarabia - 1953) was an US Judaism thinker and Labor Zionist thinker. . [29] On other occasions, the party leader BaruchZuckerman consulted with Arlosoroff concerning matters of Zioniststrategy and relations between the American and Palestinian movements.[30] While Arlosoroff was warmly received by his Labor comrades, hequickly learned that, despite his credentials as a Zionist official andadvisor to Weizmann, the ZOA leadership regarded him as "standingoutside the fold of the 'orthodox church.'" [31] When ata ZOA meeting, for example, a representative of the Avukah (Torchbearer) college Zionists recommended that Arlosoroff and Hayim Greenbergbe invited to cooperate with the movement's cultural andeducational affairs department, the proposal was summarily dismissed.[32] Notwithstanding the ZOA leaders' negative attitude toward theLabor Zionists, the Avukah college group eagerly sought outArlosoroff's assistance. In 1928 the Avukah president Max Rhoadecontacted Poalei Zion's New York New York, state, United StatesNew York,Middle Atlantic state of the United States. It is bordered by Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and the Atlantic Ocean (E), New Jersey and Pennsylvania (S), Lakes Erie and Ontario and the Canadian province of office and asked whetherArlosoroff would agree to speak to the organization's local clubs.[33] Arlosoroff gladly accepted Rhoade's invitation. He touredseveral university campuses and subsequently developed a warmrelationship with the college Zionist organization. In an unusual move,he was even elected to the board of Avukah. Because Arlosoroffdemonstrated a rare seriousness in Avukah and other youngEnglish-speaking groups outside the Labor Zionist fold, he filled aspecial niche in the arena of Zionist education. Unlike Avukah'sformer patron Maurice Samuel Maurice Samuel (February 8, 1895 - May 4, 1972) was a Romanian-born British and American novelist. A Jewish and Zionist intellectual, he is best known for his work You Gentiles, published in 1924. , who disavowed the organization as "afailure intellectually," Arlosoroff viewed the meeting betweenAmerican Jewish youth and Zionism as ripe with potential. [34] Inresponse to Samuel, who asserted that "the Jewish student in America is, on the whole, an inferior product," [35] Arlosoroffexplained: The American Jewish youth is the product of its environment andparticularly of the public school, high school, and college system. Thatis to say, it is on the whole much less critical, intellectually andemotionally less precocious, and much less interested in social andpolitical affairs Political Affairs has several meanings: Political Affairs Magazine, the national magazine published by the Communist Party of the United States In the US government, the Senior Advisor to the President on Political Affairs than the European youth of the same age. [ldots] Aslong as Zionism will not be brought home to the assimilated AmericanJewish youth as a problem affecting their own personality, and offeringa solution to their individual and most personal questionings, it willleave them cold. [ldots] Numerous occasions of meeting American Jewishyoung people, in different parts of the country and in various stationsof life, have convinced me that the response of Jewish youth to a strongand honest Zionist appeal is perhaps different in America, butessentially not weaker than elsewhere and that very much could be doneif American Zionism would face the problem of the young generationsquarely and prepare the weapons and instruments of thought and appealwhich this task requires. [36] Arlosoroff's commitment to Zionist educational activitymanifested itself in the publication of "The Young Jew"series, an unprecedented educational venture that featured translationsof Zionist and Palestinian literature Palestinian literature refers to the Arabic language novels, short stories and poems produced by Palestinians. Forming part of the broader genre of Arabic literature, contemporary Palestinian literature is often characterized by its heightened sense of irony and the exploration of hitherto inaccessible to anEnglish-reading audience. The series included Solomon Schiller'sPrinciples of Labor Zionism (translated by Arlosoroff), MartinBuber's and Robert Weltsch's Theodor Herzl Benjamin Ze'ev (Theodor) Herzl (Hungarian: Herzl Tivadar, Hebrew: בנימין זאב הרצלand Me, IsaacVilkanski's Private and National Capital in Palestine, andArlosoroffs own Post-War Nationalism and the Jews. Additionally,Arlosoroff was instrumental in the publication of Hechalutz (sic) (ThePioneer), a book of essays jointly produced by Avukah and Zeirei Zion.[37] These materials, which generated considerable interest, did notescape the attention of some of the younger ZOA leaders. EmanuelNeumann, for instance, reportedly remarked with some enthusiasm:"This is the first educational material that I have seen publishedin America for years." [38] While a few American Zionist leaders noticed Arlosoroff'simportant work among Jewish youth, he was largely rebuffed and ignored.This was due, in part, to what Arlosoroff characterized as theestablishment's "unscrupulous campaign against the Palestinelabor movement" in the name of non-partisanship. [39] By way ofillustration, Arlosoroff related, on the day of his arrival in theUnited States he "found as a welcome" an editorial in theZOA's Yiddish newspaper Dos yidishe folk (The Jewish People)"seemingly dedicated" to Hapoel Hazair (The Young Worker) onits twentieth anniversary. "This editorial did not only abound withderogatory and insulting characterizations of the party and its leaders(which I should have taken in silence) but contained also a number ofevident misstatements of fact based on gross ignorance, accusing HapoelHazair[ldots]of provoking strikes, artificially stimulating classhatred, and so on." [40] According to according toprep.1. As stated or indicated by; on the authority of: according to historians.2. In keeping with: according to instructions.3. Arlosoroff, this attitude reflected the operativeadministrative policy of the ZOA and the United Palestine Appeal (UPA (Ultra Port Architecture) A high-speed interconnect between the CPU and memory from Sun. It uses a packet-switched crossbar architecture that can transfer more than 100 MBytes/sec. )which he described as "keeping the stranger out": A stranger in the sense of this program is everybody who does notbelong (to the particular set of people in office). [ldots] Keeping out,in the sense of this program, means preventing anything that might leadto a regular cooperation and, in consequence, perhaps to share in thepublicity which such cooperation entails. [ldots] [Hayim Greenberg] hasnot, so far, been called upon even once to do the slightest thing forthe UPA [headquarters]. In much the same way, not one of the Zionistperiodicals has taken cognizance The power, authority, and ability of a judge to determine a particular legal matter. A judge's decision to take note of or deal with a cause.That which is cognizable to a judge is within the scope of his or her jurisdiction. of the remarkable editorials which, foryears, he has contributed bi-weekly to Farn folk. No other considerationcan have brought about this but the fear lest a different attitude wouldgive credit and publicity both to Mr. Greenberg and to Farn folk,whereas publicity should be used as a political weapon to the exclusivebenefit of those who "belong." [41] Likewise, Arlosoroff related, he too was marginalized and ignoredby American Zionist leaders: "In the course of a visit of fifteenmonths to the United States, I have not, in spite of my repeatedintrusions, not been called upon even once to do anything for the UPA. Imay be allowed to add that the United States is not composed of New Yorkor Chicago alone, but that there are dozens of minor places where evenspeakers of my type, training and political leanings could possibly beof some use. I wonder whether these are not administrative tendencieswhich are very doubtful from the point of view of Zionism." [42] Despite the passive hostility of the ZOA and UPA leaders,Arlosoroff performed a sizable amount of organizational and politicalwork in the United States. It did not take long before his services wereeagerly sought by local Hebraist and Zionist groups from across thepolitical spectrum. [43] The party's second-class status promptedArlosoroff to advise Poalei Zion and Zeirei Zion leaders to consider newmodels for cultural and political organization. The Brandeis groupproved exemplary in this regard: the displaced former leadersdemonstrated the efficacy of coalition building and the numerouspossibilities for circumventing official American Zionist policy.Arlosoroff was an especially strong advocate of Labor Zionist plans inthe U.S., including the expansion of the Geverkshaftn campaign amongJewish labor circles and the American labor movement. [44] Upon the conclusion of his mission in the United States, Arlosoroffwas asked by Felix Rosenblueth, a ranking member In United States politics, the ranking member or ranking minority member is a member of a congressional committee from the minority party, frequently the member with the highest seniority. of the ZionistExecutive and head of the Organization Department, to provide the JewishAgency with a detailed report of his experience as a Zionist emissary.In response, Arlosoroff compiled a careful but scathing analysis ofAmerican Zionism. The report, subsequently published for "privatecirculation" among the leadership of the WZO, ZOA, and Palestinianlabor movement, proved embarrassing for many Zionist officials andprovoked a public outcry. Privately, however, many prominent AmericanZionists appreciated Arlosoroff's candor. [45] Arlosoroff overcame the indifference and opposition of the AmericanZionist establishment by developing a positive rapport with certainelite segments of American Zionism. In this way, he helped to strengthenthe tenuous and fragile relationship between American Zionism, LaborZionism, and the Yishuv. Through his work with Avukah and other Jewishyouth groups outside the Labor Zionist fold, he helped provide a sizablenumber of secular, nationalistic, and upwardly mobile young AmericanJews with meaningful alternatives for social and political activity. Healso helped steer American Labor Zionists away from introverted in��tro��vert��edadj.Marked by interest in or preoccupation with oneself or one's own thoughts as opposed to others or the environment. partyactivity and toward expansive cultural and political work. As a result,he helped lay the ideological foundations of the League for LaborPalestine and the National Committee for Labor Palestine, institutionsthat proved central to Labor Zionism's subsequent efforts to reacha broad spectrum of American Jews. Enzo Sereni The Palestinian Arab riots of August 1929, in which hundreds ofJews were wounded and killed, had a significant impact on AmericanZionists. The riots were ignited by a clash over conflicting Arab andJewish rights at the Western Wall. In fact, tension between PalestinianArabs and Jews had been steadily mounting since the previous wave ofriots in 1921. [46] Meanwhile, the crash of the stock market and theonset of the Great Depression convinced many American Jews that theywere witnessing the end of one era and the dawn of another. Inparticular, those on the left viewed the United States' desperateeconomic plight as a telltale sign of international capitalism'simminent demise. [47] A member of the Labor Zionist youth movement A Zionist youth movement is an organization formed for Jewish children and adolescents for educational, social and ideological development, including a belief in Jewish nationalism as represented in the State of Israel. laterrecalled: We had been under the emotional stress of two traumatic experiencesin 1929.[ldots] Jewishly we were upset by the Palestine riots, duringwhich the Arabs went on a rampage.[ldots] On the general scene we wereprofoundly shaken by the [ldots] stock market crash and the subsequentdepression. It is difficult to conceive what a sense of helplessnessengulfed the country after the crash. Not only the headlines of tycoonsturned paupers, news of millionaire suicides, confusing governmentstatements, wild predictions and premonitions by economists, but gnawingdoubts about the very foundation of our society upset every American.Those of us who were then in the [youth branch of] Poalei Zion had theanswers. We knew that Zionism would solve the Jewish problem; socialismthe problem of society as a whole. [48] The perceived assault on Jewish "national honor" by thePalestinian Arabs riots and the apparent fragility of America'ssocio-economic order propelled a small but highly committed cadre ofyoung American Jews to join the ranks of Labor Zionism. [49] They lookedto the Palestinian labor movement not only for psychological refuge buthope of an ultimate cure to humanity's ills. In this context,haluziut [pioneering], "synonymous [in the minds of many of Jewishyouth] with self-defense," acquired newfound meaning as a vehiclefor personal expression. [50] In contrast to previous decades, the acute social, economic andpolitical conditions of the 1930s prompted an estimated 1,000 AmericanJewish youth to view the Zionist imperative of immigrating to the Yishuvas relevant and realistic. [51] As a consequence, this period alsowitnessed the rapid expansion of Zionist youth organizations, especiallythose on the left like the Young Poalei Zion Alliance (YPZA), Habonim,Hashomer Hadati, Gordonia, and Hashomer Hazair. It was also a time whenmoderate and centrist groups, including Avukah, Massada, and YoungJudea, increasingly identified with the Histadrut program and the idealof Zionist pioneering represented by the Palestinian labor movement.[52] Together, these groups united under the aegis of Hehaluz to form aninter-organizational framework for Labor Zionist youth activity andpreparation for cooperative life in Palestine. Paradoxically, despite the Palestinian labor movement'sconcomitant rise to political dominance in the early 1930s, the Yishuvleadership inadvertently created obstacles for the would-be Americanhaluzim. As factional disputes and the dire circumstances of east andcentral European Jewry increasingly preoccupied the attention of LaborZionism's Palestinian power brokers, youth affairs in the Americandiaspora assumed less immediate significance. In 1934, for example,after Lassya Galili completed his tenure as the Histadrut shaliah in theUnited States, the Histadrut Executive Committee failed to send areplacement. In this vacuum, tense relations between the Histadrut andthe Kibbutz Arzi (National Kibbutz) movement flared and the Americanscene became a point of contention between the warring politicalparties. [58] The American branch of Hashomer Hazair, following the model of itsEast European counterpart, soon demanded complete organizationalautonomy including the right to conduct its own hakhsharah (agriculturaltraining), supervise cultural and social activities independently, andpropose a separate list of candidates for emigration emigration:see immigration; migration. to Palestine. [54]These conditions, all of which circumvented the authority of Hehaluz,were rejected by the American movement's national leadership.Eventually, David Ben-Gurion himself intervened in order to reach atemporary solution. [55] Next, a world conference of Hashomer Hazair held in July 1935debated the issue of relations between its American branch and otherhaluz groups in the United States. The Palestine gathering concluded bystrongly supporting American Hashomer Hazair's maverick position.In response, the Labor leader Shmuel Yavnieli published a rejoinder The answer made by a defendant in the second stage of Common-Law Pleading that rebuts or denies the assertions made in the plaintiff's replication.The rejoinder allows a defendant to present a more responsive and specific statement challenging the allegations made inthe Palestinian daily Davar (The Word) that was critical of HashomerHazair. He accused the world movement of excessive partisanship anddivisive tendencies. [56] This interchange fueled the Hehaluz-HashomerHazair debate which now became increasingly vitriolic. [57] As part of the Histadrut Executive Committee's attempt todefuse the situation, Enzo Sereni was at last sent to the United Statesin January 1936. Sereni was a charismatic young Italian Zionist leaderwho previously served as the Histadrut shaliah in Germany. Hisconsiderable success with German Zionist youth won him the admiration ofthe WZO and the Palestinian labor movement. [58] From the outset, as"shaliah and spokesman of the whole movement," Sereni opposedsplitting Hehaluz along partisan or ideological lines. In order toappease the members of Hashomer Hazair, however, he agreed to sponsor ajoint request that, provided it was economically feasible, a secondshaliah of the Histadrut--preferably a member of Hashomer Hazair inPalestine--should be sent to the United States. [59] When the 1936 Arabriots delayed the processing of this request, Hashomer Hazair withdrewfrom active involvement in Hehaluz. In September, word finally arrivedthat a second shaliah would be sent, but only on the condition tha tHehaluz assume full financial responsibility for both shlihim. Thissuggestion, which was totally impractical, exacerbated tensions betweenHehaluz and Hashomer Hazair. Subsequently, Hashomer Hazair refused toallow Sereni even to meet with its groups. In contrast, Sereni was warmly received by the YPZA, Gordonia, andnascent Habonim groups. He participated in numerous meetings, seminars,conventions and played a particularly active role in designing andimplementing Habonim's educational program, including its summercamps. In his educational work, Sereni sought to introduce an innovativeideological concept, a notion that he termed the "synthesis ofintensification and expansion." Based on Sereni's previousexperience in Germany, he believed: "We cannot become a massmovement.[ldots] We are a minority movement and we must be conscious ofthis when we consider expansion." The immediate task, he posited,was the qualitative development of the Labor Zionist youth membership.Once this was realized, the movement would be able to absorb newcomersand influence other Zionist groups. Sereni also considered it essentialto rid the movement of its "inferiority complex inferiority complexAcute sense of personal inferiority, often resulting in either timidity or (through overcompensation) exaggerated aggressiveness. Though once a standard psychological concept, particularly among followers of Alfred Adler, it has lost much of its " and showedspecial interest in the development of relations with Avukah, Massadaand Young Jude a. [60] Despite the uncertainty caused by the Arab riots, the financialconstraints of the Histadrut and Hehaluz, and the factional obstaclespresented by Hashomer Hazair, Sereni doggedly preached Labor Zionismamong "English-speaking, assimilated Jewish youth." Hetraveled the country with Ben Halpern, then head of Hehaluz, organizingnew groups of college-age Zionist youth and speaking on behalf of theHistadrut. Sereni was also the leading spirit behind several newmovement undertakings including: the purchase of the movement'sfirst permanent hakhsharah site in Creamridge, New Jersey; thepublication in English translation of works by Yosef Hayim Brenner, BerBorochov Dov Ber Berochov (1881-1917) was a Marxist Zionist and one of the founders of the Labor Zionist movement.He was born in the town of Zolotonosha, Ukraine, under the Russian Empire. , and A. D. Gordon Aaron David Gordon (1856 in Troyanov or Podolia Russia-1922 on Kibbutz Deganiah), more commonly known as A.D. Gordon (Hebrew: א.ד. גורדון), was a Zionist ideologue and the spiritual force behind practical Zionism. ; and the transformation of The HechalutzBulletin (sic) into a monthly publication. [61] In addition, heco-edited the provocative volume, Jews and Arabs in Palestine: Studiesin a National and Colonial Problem (1936), the first comprehensive studyin English of Arab-Jewish relations. A special advance edition of thevolume was pu blished for the Thirty-ninth Annual Convention of the ZOA.[62] Widely praised, Jews and Arabs in Palestine included a shorthistory of the Arab-Jewish conflict, translations of seminal articlesand addresses by leaders of the Yishuv, and Sereni's owncontroversial proposal, "Towards a New Orientation of ZionistPolicy." In his essay, Sereni outlined a far-sighted far��sight��edor far-sight��ed ?adj.1. Able to see distant objects better than objects at close range; hyperopic.2. Capable of seeing to a great distance.3. plan forreaching a peaceful settlement with the Palestinian Arabs, an approachthat stressed not only the legitimacy of Arab territorial aspirationsbut also the need for a fundamental revision of Zionist ideology: The progressive Zionist forces in the Yishuv have only one way outof [the] impasse [created by conservative jewish political forces]--thecreation of a state power that will reconcile the interests of bothnations and guarantee to each nation complete autonomy over its owninternal policies. [ldots] This means a renunciation The Abandonment of a right; repudiation; rejection.The renunciation of a right, power, or privilege involves a total divestment thereof; the right, power, or privilege cannot be transferred to anyone else. of the ideology andpractice of separate economies. This amounts to a conception ofPalestinian problems that will be a revolutionary change since Zionismwill necessarily have to renounce certain slogans that were of greatimportance as propaganda for the early development of Palestine. [63] Ironically, Sereni's accommodationist ac��com��mo��da��tion��ist?n.One that compromises with or adapts to the viewpoint of the opposition: a factional split between the hard-liners and the accomodationists. stance, which challengedthe "defensive ethos" of the Palestinian labor movement, didlittle to mend relations with the bi-nationalist Hashomer Hazair but waswarmly endorsed by the independent-minded Hehaluz members. [64]Sereni's frank advocacy of Arab rights and discussion of Zionistabuses displeased dis��please?v. dis��pleased, dis��pleas��ing, dis��pleas��esv.tr.To cause annoyance or vexation to.v.intr.To cause annoyance or displeasure. the Histadrut Executive Committee and he received areprimand REPRIMAND, punishment. The censure which in some cases a public office pronounces against an offender. 2. This species of punishment is used by legislative bodies to punish their members or others who have been guilty of some impropriety of conduct towards them. from Israel Mereminski, a ranking Histadrut official. [65] Onthe other hand, Sereni's nondoctrinal approach was well suited tothe temperament of most American Zionist youth in this period. And though he himself subscribed to a particular socialist Zionistagenda, he opposed the notion of party-discipline among diaspora youth.[66] Instead, he emphasized the value of diversity: I am against one haluz prognosis for all countries and I doubt ifthe process that characterized Jewish life in Poland or Germany existshere. [ldots] Definitely, I shall not accept the explanation of the need[for] an exclusive aim in education. [ldots] From the time ofJabotinsky, I have objected to any explanations about a need of"Monism monism(mō`nĭzəm)[Gr.,=belief in one], in metaphysics, term introduced in the 18th cent. by Christian von Wolff for any theory that explains all phenomena by one unifying principle or as manifestations of a single substance. ." [67] [We] have to bring up a generation of youthwhose outlook on life [is] whole. Zionist and socialist haluziut[pioneering] ought to be desirable though not the single result of thiseducation, it must take into account the American reality. [ldots]Naturally, in this expansive country there is room for all sorts ofapproaches and movements. I hope that the Hehaluz here, as in Germany,will succeed in becoming the center of influence. [ldots] I therefore[emphasize] cultural work [ldots] [and] hakhsharah [as] the peak andsymbol for the whole movement. [68] In late 1936, tension between Hehaluz and Hashomer Hazair reached aclimax when the latter publicly accused Sereni of misrepresenting themin Histadrut affairs and sabotaging their organizational efforts. Theallegations were reviewed by an independent committee and concluded tobe false. Nevertheless, Hashomer Hazair reiterated its demand that asecond Histadrut shaliak be sent from Palestine. Under currentcircumstances, Sereni responded, such a move would be tantamount to"recognition of the necessity for an equilibrium in the [Hehaluz]delegation [ldots] [a notion] contrary to the principles of unity uponwhich the Histadrut and Hehaluz are built." When the independentcommittee rejected Hashomer Hazair's stipulation, the latterabandoned "every responsibility for Hehaluz." Next, the Histadrut Executive Committee notified Sereni that inaccordance with Hashomer Hazair's earlier request and because"the situation in Palestine demands that we keep the peace," asecond shaliah would indeed be sent. [69] Ostensibly os��ten��si��ble?adj.Represented or appearing as such; ostensive: His ostensible purpose was charity, but his real goal was popularity. designed to restoreintra-organizational equilibrium, the Executive Committee's actionwas also an effort to impose ideological discipline on its overseasranks. Moreover, it reflected the Histadrut leadership's seriousdispleasure with Sereni's pro-Arab sympathies. [70] For his part,Sereni understood only too clearly the implications of such a move.Faced with what he considered to be an untenable political situation,and despite the protests of the Hehaluz national executive, he resignedhis mission. Something much higher than a personal problem is involved in thiscase. [ldots] Should the Histadrut or the Hehaluz be conceived as aunity in which[ldots] [different organizations] are parts of the unityand subordinate to it? Or should they be conceived as a federation inwhich different people are associated in order to achieve certaininterests[?] [ldots] Rather than have the child divided, I prefer to letthe child be given over intact to the care of another shaliah. [71] After urging the full cooperation of all sides, Sereni returned toPalestine in May 1937. The Hehaluz leadership immediately turned to thetask of rebuilding an atmosphere of mutual trust and respect in itsranks. The YPZA issued the following statement aimed at burying thedifferences between Hehaluz and Hashomer Hazair: We regard the decision of the Histadrut [Executivecommittee][ldots] as another attempt to bring about the full cooperationof Hashomer Hazair in all matters of[ldots] Hehaluz. The implications ofthis decision are clear--Hashomer Hazair must now collaborate[ldots].All their demands have been fulfilled and as proof of their sinceritymust come their active participation in the Hehaluz and their acceptanceof its sovereignty in specific Hehaluz functions. [72] The statement was a clarification of the YPZA's ideologicalposition and a political tactic designed to push ahead with the Hehaluzagenda. In a larger sense, however, it also reflected the extent towhich pluralism, unity, and philosophical moderation had becomeoperative concerns for a majority of Labor Zionist youth. The veryideals Sereni had espoused were now adopted in his absence. In the years after World War I, the Palestinian labor movementsystematically laid the foundations of the Yishuv's socio-economicinfrastructure. In turn, American Zionism, not unlike Zionist groupselsewhere, proved receptive to the idealistic proclivities and politicalpriorities of the Palestine-based movement. Rather than an object ofpious devotion or American Jewish largesse lar��gessalso lar��gesse ?n.1. a. Liberality in bestowing gifts, especially in a lofty or condescending manner.b. Money or gifts bestowed.2. Generosity of spirit or attitude. , American Zionists placed apremium on Palestine as a progressive Jewish society-in-the-making. Theywere especially captivated cap��ti��vate?tr.v. cap��ti��vat��ed, cap��ti��vat��ing, cap��ti��vates1. To attract and hold by charm, beauty, or excellence. See Synonyms at charm.2. Archaic To capture. by the Yishuv's haluzim, cooperativespirit, and renascent re��nas��cent?adj.Coming again into being; showing renewed growth or vigor.[Latin rensc Hebrew langnage. Their adulation ad��u��la��tion?n.Excessive flattery or admiration.[Middle English adulacioun, from Old French, from Latin ad was, in part, theproduct of disenchantment dis��en��chant?tr.v. dis��en��chant��ed, dis��en��chant��ing, dis��en��chantsTo free from illusion or false belief; undeceive.[Obsolete French desenchanter, from Old French, with the American goldene medine (golden land)as well as horror at the rise of antisemitism at home and abroad.Palestine, as the American Zionist leader Louis D. Brandeis posited, wasa reflection of what American society ought to be. In the decades preceding the establishment of the State ofIsrael--before the Zionist cause became a locus of American Jewishlife--Shohat, Arlosoroff, and Sereni established a bridgehead bridge��head?n.1. a. A fortified position from which troops defend the end of a bridge nearest the enemy.b. A forward position seized by advancing troops in enemy territory as a foothold for further advance. in whatwas previously a diaspora community dominated by anti-Zionists andnon-Zionists. In general, this was also an era when pro-Zionist andZionist American Jews adhered to a cautious policy of developing theJewish National Home in accordance with the restrictions of the BritishMandate The British Mandate may refer to: British Mandate of Palestine British Mandate of Mesopotamia . Within this context, Shohat, Arlosoroff, and Sereni advocatedan activist and combative Zionist strategy, aimed initially at smallgroups and elite figures, that compelled many American Zionists toreevaluate their approach to building the Yishuv. Indeed, theyanticipated the shift in American Jewish priorities vis-a-vis the JewishNational Home and the increasing importance of Labor Zionism and itsimpact on world Jewish affairs. Though immigrant Zionist groups like Poalei Zion (Workers of Zion),Zeirei Zion (Youth of Zion), and Hehaluz (The Pioneer) provided theshlihim with a natural foothold in the United States, their influencequickly extended beyond the ranks of the party faithful. They wereeffective in winning the support of dissident groups, Jewish labororganizations, liberal intellectuals, and college-age men and womenattracted to the utopian aims and ideals of Labor Palestine. In time,the historic encounter which they spearheaded--between American Jews,Labor Zionism, and the Yishuv--would prove central to the AmericanJewish experience. The cumulative impact of their efforts and the stampthey left on American Jewish life should not be underestimated. MARK A. RAIDER, Associate Professor of Modern Jewish History Jewish history is the history of the Jewish people, faith, and culture. Since Jewish history encompasses nearly four thousand years and hundreds of different populations, any treatment can only be provided in broad strokes. , StateUniversity of New York (body) State University of New York - (SUNY) The public university system of New York State, USA, with campuses throughout the state. Albany, is author of the Emergence of AmericanZionism (1998) and principal co-editor of Abba Hillel Silver Abba Hillel Silver (1893–1963) was a U.S. Rabbi and Zionist leader. Born Abraham Silver in Lithuania, son and grandson of Orthodox rabbis, he was brought to the US as a child of nine. A Zionist from his youth he made his first speech at a Zionist meeting at age fourteen. andAmerican Zionism (1997), with J. Sarna and R. Zweig. NOTES This essay is adapted from a more detailed study that will appearin With Eyes Toward Zion: Studies in Memory of Moshe Davis, edited byEli Lederhendler and Jonathan D. Sarna (Jerusalem: Magnes Press, HebrewUniversity of Jerusalem Hebrew University of JerusalemIndependent university in Jerusalem, Israel, founded in 1925. The foremost university in Israel, it attracts many Jewish students from abroad; Arab students also attend. and Hanover and London: Brandeis University Brandeis University,at Waltham, Mass.; coeducational; chartered and opened 1948. Although Brandeis was founded by members of the American Jewish community, the university operates as an independent, nonsectarian institution. Press, 2000), forthcoming. I am grateful to Jonathan D. Sans, AryehGoren, Michael Brown Michael or Mike Brown may refer to:In politics: Michael Brown (Liberal Democrats donor) (1966-), a Scottish businessman, convicted for perjury, largest-ever donor to the Liberal Democrats , Gideon Shimoni, and Murray Baumgarten for theiruseful comments. The essay is dedicated to the memory of the late Prof.Moshe Davis, the dean of America-Holy Land studies. (1.) For different perspectives see Evyatar Friesel, "Criteriaand Conception in the Historiography of German and AmericanZionism," in Essential Papers on Zionism, edited by jehuda Reinharz Jehuda Reinharz (born 1944) is the President of Brandeis University, and a Richard Koret Professor of Modern Jewish History at the same institution. Early Life and EducationReinharz was born in Haifa in modern-day Israel. and Anita Shapira Anita Shapira (born 1940-) Poland. is founder of the Yitzhak Rabin Center for Israel Studies, Ruben Merenfeld Professor of the Study of Zionism and head of the Weizmann Institute for the Study of Zionism at Tel Aviv University. (New York and London: New York University Press New York University Press (or NYU Press), founded in 1916, is a university press that is part of New York University. External linkNew York University Press ,1996), pp. 298-317; Ezra Mendelsohn, On Modern Jewish Politics (New Yorkand Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993); Allon Gal,"Independence and Universal Mission in Modern Jewish Nationalism: AComparative Analysis of European and American Zionism, 1897-1948,"Studies in Contemporary Jewry 5 (1989). (2.) For useful analyses see Moshe Davis, America and the Holy Land(Westport and London: Praeger, 1995); the essays by Evyatar Friesel,Jonathan D. Sarna, Lloyd P. Gartner, and Jeffrey S. Gurock in Zionismand Religion, edited by Shmuel Almog, Jehuda. Reinharz, and AnitaShapira (Hanover and London: University Press of New England The University Press of New England (or UPNE), founded in 1970, is a university press that is supported by Brandeis University, Dartmouth College (where it is located), the University of New Hampshire, Northeastern University, Tufts University and the University of Vermont. , 1998);Jonathan Frankel, Prophecy and Politics: Socialism, Nationalism, and theRussian Jews, 1862- 1917 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press (known colloquially as CUP) is a publisher given a Royal Charter by Henry VIII in 1534, and one of the two privileged presses (the other being Oxford University Press). , 1984),ch. 9; Menahem Kaufman, An Ambiguous Partnership: Non-Zionists andZionist in America, 1939-1948 (Jerusalem: Magnes Press; Detroit: WayneState University Wayne State University,at Detroit, Mich.; state supported; coeducational; established 1956 as a successor to Wayne Univ. (formed 1934 by a merger of five city colleges). Press, 1991). (3.) Lucy Dawidowicz, ed., The Golden Tradition: Jewish Life andThought in Eastern Europe (Boston: Beacon Press This article or section needs sourcesorreferences that appear in reliable, third-party publications. Alone, primary sources and sources affiliated with the subject of this article are not sufficient for an accurate encyclopedia article. , 1967), pp. 66, 411. (4.) See Like All the Nations? The Life and Legacy of Judah L.Magnes, edited by William M. Brinner and Moses Rischin (Albany: StateUniversity of New York Press The State University of New York Press (or SUNY Press), founded in 1966, is a university press that is part of State University of New York system. External linkState University of New York Press , 1987). (5.) See Ruth Bondy, Hashaliah: hayav vemoto shel Enzo Sereni (TelAviv Tel Aviv(tĕl əvēv`), city (1994 pop. 355,200), W central Israel, on the Mediterranean Sea. Oficially named Tel Aviv–Jaffa, it is Israel's commercial, financial, communications, and cultural center and the core of its largest : Am Oved, 1973), ch. 14. Shlomo Grodzensky's remarks are alsorevealing: "Notes on Our Youth Movement," translated andreprinted from Der yidisher kemfer, December 25, 1942, in Builders andDreamers: Habonim Labor Zionist Youth in North America North America,third largest continent (1990 est. pop. 365,000,000), c.9,400,000 sq mi (24,346,000 sq km), the northern of the two continents of the Western Hemisphere. , edited by J.J.Goldberg and Elliot King (New York: Herzl Press and New York, London andOntario: Cornwall Books, 1993), pp. 85-87. (6.) See Shlomo Shulsinger, ed., Kovez Masad: Mahanaiot ivrit, vol.2 (Israel: Irgun Mahanot Masad, 1989), especially Shimon Frost,"Kavim letoldot hamahanaiot haivrit bezfon amerikah," pp.17-79; Jenna Weismann Joselit, A Worthy Use of Summer: Jewish SummerCamping in America (Philadelphia: National Museum of American JewishHistory The National Museum of American Jewish History is a museum in Center City Philadelphia, located just nearby the city's main historical attractions Independence Hall and Liberty Bell within the Independence National Historical Park. , 1993). (7.) See the "Secret Memorandum sent from Hashomer to theProvisional Zionist Committee in New York," reprinted in RachelYanait Ben-Zvi, Before Golda: Manya Shohat, trans. Sandra Shurin (NewYork: Biblio Press, 1989), pp. 169-172. (8.) Manya Shohat to Rahel Yanait, September 6, 1921. The Lettersand Papers of Manya Shohat, edited by Jehuda Reinharz and ShulamitReinharz (Israel: Yad Ben-Zvi, in progress). I am grateful to JehudaReinharz and Shulamit Reinharz for making this material available to me. (9.) Arthur A. Goren, ed., Dissenter in Zion: From the Writings ofJudah L. Magnes (Cambridge, MA/ London: Harvard University Press The Harvard University Press is a publishing house, a division of Harvard University, that is highly respected in academic publishing. It was established on January 13, 1913. In 2005, it published 220 new titles. , 1982),p. 15; Yaacov Goldstein, "Heroine or Traitor? The Controversy overManya Vilbushevich-Shohat and Her Links with Zubatov," Studies inContemporary Jewry 6 (1990): 287. (10.) Quoted in Yaacov Goldstein, "Heroine or Traitor?,"doc. 1,290-291. (11.) See Goldstein, "Heroine or Traitor?," pp. 290-302. (12.) Manya Shohat to Yizhak Ben-Zvi, February 1922. The Lettersand Papers of Manya Shohat, edited by Jehuda Reinharz and ShulamitReinharz, in progress. (13.) Rachel Yanait Ben-Zvi, Before Golda: Manya Shohat, pp.102-103. (14.) Samuel Halperin, The Political World of American Zionism,reprint (Silver Spring: Information Dynamics, 1985), p. 327. (15.) "Poale Zion Poale Zion (also spelled Poalei Tziyon or Poaley Syjon, meaning "Workers of Zion") was a Movement of Marxist Zionist Jewish workers circles founded in various Russian cities about the turn of the century after the Bund rejected Zionism in 1901. Palestine Committee Financial Report as atSeptember 30th, 1918," pp. 10-12. A 137/52, Shlomo KaplanskyPapers, Central Zionist Archives The Central Zionist Archives (CZA) in Jerusalem holds the archives of the Zionist movement from 1880-1970 and documents the growth of the Zionist movement throughout the world. (hereafter CZA CZA Chichen Itza, Mexico (airport code)CZA Chinese Zeolite AssociationCZA Course Zero Automation (Boston, MA Inertial Navigation Units)); Moshe Cohen cohenor kohen(Hebrew: “priest”) Jewish priest descended from Zadok (a descendant of Aaron), priest at the First Temple of Jerusalem. The biblical priesthood was hereditary and male. , ed.,Labor Zionist Handbook: The Aims, Activities and History of the LaborZionist Movement in America (New York: Poale Zion Zeire Zion of America,1939), p. 72. (16.) Manya Shohat to Rahel Yanait, September 21, 1921. RachelYanait Ben-Zvi, Before Golda: Manya Shohat, p. 174. (17.) Manya Shohat to Rahel Yanait, September 21, 1921. RachelYanait Ben-Zvi, Before Golda: Manya Shohat, p. 174. (18.) Marie Syrkin, Nahman Syrkin: Socialist Zionist. ABiographical Memoir and Selected Essays Among the numerous literary works titled Selected Essays are the following: Selected Essays by Frederick Douglass Selected Essays by T.S. Eliot Selected Essays by William Troy (New York: Herzl Press andSharon Books, 1961), pp. 206-208. (19.) Leib Spizman, ed., Geshikte fun der zionistisher arebeterbavegung in zfon amerike, vol. 2 (New York: Farlag Yidisher Kemfer,1955); Anita Shapira, Berl: The Biography of a Socialist Zionist(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), pp. 120-121. (20.) Manya Shohat to Rahel Yanait Ben-Zvi, January 12, 1922. TheLetters and Papers of Manya Shohat, edited by Jehuda Reinharz andShulamit Reinharz, in progress. (21.) Mark A. Raider, "Pioneer Women," in Jewish Women inAmerica: An Historical Encyclopedia, edited by Paula Hyman Professor Paula Hyman is the Lucy Moses Professor of Modern Jewish History at Yale University and president of the American Academy of Jewish Research. She also served as the first female dean of the Seminary College of Jewish Studies at the Jewish Theological Seminary. and DeborahDash Moore Deborah Dash Moore is the Director of the Frankel Center for Judaic Studies, and a Frederick G.L. Huetwell Professor of History, both at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Early Life and EducationDeborah Dash Moore was born in New York City. (New York and London: Routledge, 1997), pp. 1072-1073. (22.) Anita Shapira, Berl: The Biography of a Socialist Zionist, p.121. (23.) Shlomo Avineri Shlomo Avineri (born in Bielsko-Biała, Poland 1933) is an Israeli political scientist. He is Professor of Political Science at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He also serves as Recurring Visiting Professor at the Central European University in Budapest and Fellow of the , The Making of Modern Zionism: TheIntellectual Origins of the Jewish State (New York: Basic Books, 1981),p. 158. (24.) See Shlomo Avineri, Arlosoroff (New York: Grove Weidenfeld,1989); Gideon Shimoni, The Zionist Ideology (Hanover and London:University Press of New England, 1995), pp. 216-221; Kenneth W. Stein Kenneth W. Stein is William E. Schatten Professor of Contemporary Middle Eastern History, Political Science and Israeli Studies and Director of the Institute for the Study of Modern Israel of Emory University, in Atlanta, Georgia, where he has taught since 1977 and where he ,The Land Question in Palestine, 1917-1939 (Chapel Hill and London:University of North Carolina Press The University of North Carolina Press (or UNC Press), founded in 1922, is a university press that is part of the University of North Carolina. External linkUniversity of North Carolina Press , 1984), pp. 138-139, 194-196. (25.) Jehuda Reinharz, Writing the Biography of Chaim Weizmann(Rehovot: Yad Chaim Weizmann, 1992), p. 16. (26.) Chaim Weizmann, Trial and Error (New York: Harper andBrothers, 1949), p. 300. (27.) Louis Lipsky, Memoirs in Profile (Philadelphia: JewishPublication Society, 1975), pp. 106-109. (28.) Chaim Arlosoroff, Surveying American Zionism (New York:Zionist Labor Party Hitachduth of America, 1929), p. 4. (29.) See Robert M. Seltzer, "Hayim Greenberg, JewishIntellectual" in The "Other" New York JewishIntellectuals, edited by Carole S. Kessner (New York and London: NewYork University Press, 1994), pp. 25-50; Mark A. Raider, "Toward aReexamination re��ex��am��inealso re-ex��am��ine ?tr.v. re��ex��am��ined, re��ex��am��in��ing, re��ex��am��ines1. To examine again or anew; review.2. Law To question (a witness) again after cross-examination. of American Zionist Leadership: The Case of HayimGreenberg," Journal of Israeli History 15.2 (Summer 1994): 133-160. (30.) Baruch Zuckerman, Oifn veg (New York: Farlag Yidisher Kemfer,1956). (31.) Chaim Arlosoroff, Surveying American Zionism, p. 8. (32.) Chaim Arlosoroff, Surveying American Zionism, p. 8. (33.) Max Rhoade to Isaac Hamlin, April 30, 1928. Microfilm Editionof the Papers of the Labor Zionist Organization of America, AmericanJewish Archives (hereafter LZOA microfilm), reel 1518. (34.) Maurice Samuel, "The Nature of Avukah," in AvukakAnnual of 1928, edited by Herbert I. Bloom (New York: Avukah AmericanStudent Zionist Federation, 1928), p. 10. (35.) Maurice Samuel, "The Nature of Avukah," p. 9. (36.) Chaim Arlosoroff, Surveying American Zionism, pp. 29-30. (37.) Chaim Arlosoroff to Max Rhoade, October 5, 1928; Max Rhoadeto Chaim Arlosoroff, November 8, 1928. LZOA microfilm, reel 1519. (38.) Chaim Arlosoroff, Surveying American Zionism, p. 28. (39.) Chaim Arlosoroff, Surveying American Zionism, p. 17. (40.) Chaim Arlosoroff, Surveying American Zionism, p. 18. (41.) Chaim Arlosoroff, Surveying American Zionism, pp. 23-24,emphasis in the original. (42.) "Last winter I wrote a letter to the UPA administration,informing them of my presence in the States, and offering them myvoluntary services wherever I could be of any use. The result: zero.This fall, immediately upon Dr. [Max] Rubinoff's [sic] coming intooffice, I repeated the same performance, an official letter followed upby a personal visit in Dr. Rubinofi's office. Results: see above.When at last I was elected a member of the UPA administrative committeeat the Boston Convention, I made it my business again to approach Mr.Bernard Stone Bernard 'Berny' L. Stone (born November 24, 1927) is alderman of the 50th Ward in Chicago, Illinois. His ward encompasses part of Chicago's North Side and includes the West Rogers Park neighborhood. , the national executive secretary of the UPA (and one ofthe most narrow-minded and, therefore, one of the few perennial superiorZionist officials) and pointed out to him my willingness to be of someservice to the cause, especially in my new official position. A veryinteresting conversation ensued, in the course of which Mr. Stoneassured me that the national office does not suggest speakers to thevarious districts, that no district had so far called for my services See .NET My Services. ,and as to informing the districts of my availability, since thesedistricts might not even know that I am available, that would be aserious matter which would have to be taken up with Dr. Rubinoff."Chaim Arlosoroff, Surveying American Zionism, p. 24. (43.) K. Weitmann, "Parzufim, "in Sefer hayovel shelHadoar, edited by Menahem Ribalov (New York: Hozaat Hahistadrut Haivritbe-Amerika, 1927), pp. 143-145; Arthur A. Goren, "Ben Halpern: AtHome in Exile," in The "Other" New York JewishIntellectuals, p. 77. (44.) See Chaim Arlosoroff, Am, hevrah vemedinah: nosim al haperek,edited by Asher Maniv (Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuhad, 1984), pp. 195-213. (45.) As Julian W. Mack related to Robert Szold:"Arlosoroff's 'Surveying American Zionism' [ldots]scores everything in American Zionism and most of it justly. Individualsare hit; our group; all groups--as to some I think wrongly. Butthat's neither here nor there. Nor is it too material thatA[rlosoroff] supported the Agency thro [sic] thick and thin. [ldots]Moreover, it is to me immaterial that he seems--at any rate then--tohave had every confidence in [Chaim Weizmann]. [ldots] He is a realorator ORATOR, practice. A good man, skillful in speaking well, and who employs a perfect eloquence to defend causes either public or private. Dupin, Profession d'Avocat, tom. 1, p. 19.. 2. in English, German, Hebrew and I think Yiddish. My judgment isthat we need him if we can get him; what we need most of all is hiscriticism of us and of the entire work with energy in changing it. Theproblem of youth appalls me; our only hope of averting a completenon-Zionist victory over our ideals lies in educative ed��u��ca��tive?adj.Educational.Adj. 1. educative - resulting in education; "an educative experience"instructive, informative - serving to instruct or enlighten or inform and above allstimulating the youth. [Horace M.] Kallen, years ago in Wisconsin, hadA[rlosoroff]'s idea of a selective [Zionist honor society honor societyn.An organization to which students are admitted in recognition of academic achievement. ].[ldots]He is not the man today, however, for tha t work, I fear. But under thelead of A[rolsorft]--or a man of his type--the realintelligentsia[ldots] could begotten be��got��ten?v.A past participle of beget.begottenVerba past participle of begetAdj. 1. together.[ldots] Of course we wantin America, if it is at all possible, to bring about a bettercooperation between us and the labor groups. We need them for theirzeal, energy, devotion and ability." Julian W. Mack to RobertSzold, September 28, 1930. A251/329a, Israel B. Brodie Papers, CZA,emphasis in original. (46.) See Kenneth W. Stein, The Land Question in Palestine, ch. 2;Esco Foundation for Palestine, Palestine: A Study of Jewish, Arab, andBritish Policies, vol. 2 (New Haven New Haven,city (1990 pop. 130,474), New Haven co., S Conn., a port of entry where the Quinnipiac and other small rivers enter Long Island Sound; inc. 1784. Firearms and ammunition, clocks and watches, tools, rubber and paper products, and textiles are among the many : Yale University Yale University,at New Haven, Conn.; coeducational. Chartered as a collegiate school for men in 1701 largely as a result of the efforts of James Pierpont, it opened at Killingworth (now Clinton) in 1702, moved (1707) to Saybrook (now Old Saybrook), and in 1716 was Press, 1947), ch.9. (47.) For a contemporary argument see Edmund Wilson Noun 1. Edmund Wilson - United States literary critic (1895-1972)Wilson , "AnAppeal to Progressives" in The American Intellectual Tradition. ASourcebook, Volume II: 1865 to the Present, edited by David A. Hollingerand Charles Capper cap��per?n.1. One that caps or makes caps.2. Informal Something that surpasses or completes what has gone before; a finishing touch or finale.3. (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989),pp. 180-185. Useful information in this regard is also provided byMelech Epstein, Jewish Labor in USA.: An Industrial, Political andCultural History of the Jewish Labor Movement, vol. 2 (New York: KtavPublishing House, 1969), chs. 10-11. (48.) Saadia Gelb, "The Founding of Habonim" in Arise andBuild: The Story of American Habonim, edited by David Breslau (New York:Ichud Habonim Labor Zionist Youth, 1961), p. 9. Similar observationswere made at the time by A. M. Koler, a Histadrut representative presentin America during the 1929 crisis. See "Peulah be-America,"Hahistadrut hahaklait ufeulotehah: Do"h leveidah hahaklaithareviit,1926-1931 (Tel Aviv: Hozaat Hamerkaz Hahaklai, 1931), p.200. See alsoNaomi W. Cohen, The Year After the Riots: American Responses to thePalestine Crisis of 1929-30 (Detroit: Wayne State University Press,1988). (49.) Saadia Gelb, "The Founding of Habonim," p. 8. (50.) Sandia Geib, "The Founding of Habonim," p. 8. (51.) Yehuda Reimer, "Haaliayh hahaluzit mizfonamerikah," Hazionut, 16 (1991): 137. (52.) Samuel Grand, "A History of Zionist Youth Organizationsin the United States From Their Inception to 1940," ColumbiaUniversity Columbia University,mainly in New York City; founded 1754 as King's College by grant of King George II; first college in New York City, fifth oldest in the United States; one of the eight Ivy League institutions. Ph.D. diss diss?v.Variant of dis.dissVerbSlang, chiefly US to treat (a person) with contempt [from disrespect]Verb 1. ., 1958. (53.) For a contemporary account of this conflict, see thetranscript of the debate concerning Hehaluz and Hashomer Hazair whichtook place at the Histadrut convention: "Havikuah basheelat aliyah aliyah(Hebrew; “ascending”)In Judaism, the honour, accorded to a worshiper, of being called up to read an assigned passage from the Torah at Sabbath morning services; or Jewish immigration to Israel. veavodah, "Haveidah hareviit shel Hahistadrut, February 12-18, 1933(Tel Aviv: Havaad Hapoel, 1933), pp. 121-139, also Eliahu Dobkin'sstatement, pp. 143-145. (54.) Hashomer Hazair maintained a stringent code of personalbehavior. Like their European counterparts, American movement membersforswore for��swearalso fore��swear ?v. for��swore , for��sworn , for��swear��ing, for��swearsv.tr.1. a. To renounce or repudiate under oath.b. To renounce seriously. certain "bourgeois" activities such as ballroomdancing, smoking, and wearing facial cosmetics. See Ariel Hurwitz, ed.,Against the St ream: Seven Decades of Hashomer Hatzair Hashomer Hatzair (Hebrew: השומר הצעיר, also transliterated Hashomer Hatsair or HaShomer HaTzair, translating as The Youth Guard in North America(Israel: Association of North American North Americannamed after North America.North American blastomycosissee North American blastomycosis.North American cattle ticksee boophilusannulatus. Shomrim and Yad Yaari, GivatHaviva, 1994), pp. 22, 57, 197. (55.) Nahum Guttman, "Hehaluz in America," in Arise andBuild: The Story of American Habonim, edited by David Breslau (New York:Ichud Habonim Labor Zionist Youth, 1961), p. 29. (56.) Shmuel Yavnieli, "Darko Hapolitit shel HashomerHazair," Davar, July 16, 1935, p. 1. (57.) For example, in the preface to an English translation ofYavnieli's article, the editor of YPZA News and Views wrote:"In this article the double book-keeping ideology of HashomerHazair is dearly revealed. In America, Hashomer Hazair parades under thebanner of a pure and simple 'scouting haluzorganization'[ldot] How this argumentation reminds us of theBundists! Have not the Bundists termed the Poalei Zion movementreactionary? Have they not maintained that our struggle for Zionismhinders the social revolution and weakens the class struggle of theproletariat?" See "Regarding Hashomer Hazair," YPZA Newsand Views 5 (February 14, 1936): 4. (58.) Ruth Bondy, Hashaliah, ch. 12; Clara Urquhart and PeterLudwig Brent, Enzo Sereni: Hero of Our Times (London: Robert Hale,1967), pp. 100-112. (59.) "Letter from Enzo Sereni written before his departurefrom America, May 13, 1937," mimeograph mss., pp. 1, 7. Enzo SereniPapers, Lavon Institute for Labor Research (hereafter "Letter fromEuzo Sereni"). (60.) "Letter from Enzo Sereni," p. 8; Enzo Sereni'sremarks on the organizational and cultural activities of the YPZA asrecorded at the l4th YPZA Convention held in Detroit, reprinted in YPZANews and Views II.1 (October 1936): 4-5. (61.) Ruth Bondy, Hashaliah, pp. 228-229. (62.) Enzo Sereni and R. E. Ashery, eds., Jews and Arabs inPalestine: Studies in a National and Colonial Problem (New York: HehaluzPress, 1936), p. 4a. (63.) Enzo Sereni, "Towards a New Orientation of ZionistPolicy," in Jews and Arabs in Palestine, p. 298. (64.) On the "defensive ethos" see Anita Shapira, Landand Power: The Zionist Resort to Force, 1881-1948 (New York and Oxford:Oxford University Press, 1992), chs. 4-5. (65.) Ruth Bondy, Hashaliah, pp. 238-239. (66.) Moshe Zemah, "Sereni keish Kibbutz Givat Brenner,"in Haim Enzo Sereni: 40 shanah lemoto (Israel: Yad Tabenkin, Efaland Hatnuah Hakibbutzit Hameuhedet, 1985), PP. 32-36. (67.) The reference is to Vladimir Jabotinsky's concept of anation's internal unity. The principle has two aspects: "thenation's hegemony toward both the individual and partialassociations like classes." See Shlomo Avineri, The Making ofModern Zionism, pp. 171-178 (68.) "Letter from Enzo Sereni," p. 9, emphasis inoriginal. (69.) The findings of the committee read: "The charges whichHashomer Hazair brought against Sereni have their origin in varioushearsay hearsay:see evidence. reports and words taken out of their [context] which wererepeated from mouth to mouth but whose truth also is not proven.[ldots]Haver haverVerb1. Scot & N English dialect to talk nonsense2. to be unsure and hesitant; dither [origin unknown] [comrade] Sereni, who is the representative of the Histadrut, hadthe right and the duty to come into continuous contact with all theyouth movements associated with the Histadrut. Such direct andcontinuous contact between the representative of the Histadrut and theyouth groups of Hashomer Hazair in America will do more to further therelations between them than casual meetings and private discussions ofan accidental sort. Representatives of Hashomer Hazair must thereforeinform their snifim [groups] that they must invite Haver Sereni to cometo them and to visit them, and they must assist Haver Sereni in thesevisits.[ldots] We have heard from the representatives of the HashomerHazair reports of the condition which does not allow them t oparticipate today actively in the merkaz [executive committee] ofHehaluz. In order to avoid misunderstanding, in order to strengthen thework of Hehaluz, we propose to them that they renew their efforts tofind a way for themselves to participate more actively and moreintimately in the merkaz Hehaluz." "Letter from EnzoSereni," pp. 10-11. (70.) Ruth Bondy, Hashaliah, pp. 238-239. (71.) "Letter from Enzo Sereni," p. 11. (72.) Our Role in the Hehaluz: Consensus of opinion of the nationalexecutive regarding our present position in Hehaluz (New York: YPZA,1937), p. 2. CZA.