Falsehood or untruth?

Falsehood or untruth? In December 1993 Brazilian, European and American researchers joinedforces in Sao Raimundo Nonato, Piaui, Brazil, to analyse the state ofresearch on the peopling of the Americas (conference proceedings inpress).The article by Meltzer et al. (1994) is based on partial data andfalse information (highlighted below). Its battery of questions takes usby surprise; none of the three colleagues came up with these questionsduring the 1993 meeting - mounted precisely to generate direct dialogueon the peopling of the Americas. We disagree with Verb 1. disagree with - not be very easily digestible; "Spicy food disagrees with some people"hurt - give trouble or pain to; "This exercise will hurt your back" their statement,'the comments on Pedra Furada Pedra Furada is a Portuguese parish, located in the municipality of Barcelos. It has a population of 466 inhabitants and a total area of 2.10 Km2.••are not offered lightly' (p.696). The commentaries are worthless because they are based on partialand incorrect knowledge.We believe that the initial intention of the authors was different;they got carried away into an exercise in academic style, from a fragilescientific base of fragmentary data and with a scepticism born of asubjective conviction. We differ; in our approach, a systematic analysismust be based on confirmed facts, make explicit its presuppositions, andindicate parameters of acceptance for proofs. Stylistic enthusiasm makesthe authors forget that in the field of prehistory prehistory,period of human evolution before writing was invented and records kept. The term was coined by Daniel Wilson in 1851. It is followed by protohistory, the period for which we have some records but must still rely largely on archaeological evidence to nothing isdefinitive; working with vestigial ves��tig��i��aladj.Occurring or persisting as a rudimentary or degenerate structure. data, we do not have a real universebut only fragmentary series. We must work in an interdisciplinary way,the data supplied by different specialisms contributing to fullexplanation. Nothing is static in this field; a scientific honesty mustexist in which data that exist and data which are lacking are analysedwith equal care and rigour rig��our?n. Chiefly BritishVariant of rigor.rigouror US rigorNoun1. . Meltzer et al. do not possess 10 years'worth of excavation results. They are not specialists in the Pleistocenearchaeology of tropical regions, as becomes evident when one reads theirobservations. Emphasizing their qualifications and experience, they donot take the curricula of the Pedra Furada team into account.Errors of observationThe Pedra Furada excavations were completed under the direction ofFabio Parenti, who studied all the vestiges and data for his Ph.D thesis(1993).In the caption to figure 1 (p. 697), it is stated that the site'occurs at the base of the escarpment'. This is wrong. It is19 m above the valley floor, as is correctly stated on p. 703.In the caption to figure 2, Meltzer et al. do not indicate the siteis protected by an overhang OverhangCalculated as stock options granted, plus the remaining options to still be granted, and then divided by the total shares outstanding.Notes:A high percentage for the overhang is usually a bad thing. (cf. their figure 4), evident in the centralpart of the photograph. And they do not point out the two waterfallsvisible in the photograph, clearly on each side of the site.An error (p. 697) arises from Meltzer et al.'s inexperience oflarge sites in tropical regions relatively recently submitted toclimatic change Climatic Change is a journal published by Springer.[1] Climatic Change is dedicated to the totality of the problem of climatic variability and change - its descriptions, causes, implications and interactions among these. (12,000-10,000 years ago). They report a declivity de��cliv��i��ty?n. pl. de��cliv��i��tiesA downward slope, as of a hill.[Latin dcl ,visible in the stratigraphy stratigraphy,branch of geology specifically concerned with the arrangement of layered rocks (see stratification). Stratigraphy is based on the law of superposition, which states that in a normal sequence of rock layers the youngest is on top and the oldest on the , 'from the front to the rear of theshelter'. In areas of the shelter where the fall of blocks alteredthe stratification, the slope is from outside to inside. But in thegreat part of the site, the inclination is from the inside to theoutside [ILLUSTRATION FOR FIGURE 1 OMITTED].In a large shelter like Pedra Furada, the site history is notuniform. It was precisely the fall of the blocks which ensured, incertain areas, the Pleistocene layers have not been disturbed.Meltzer et al. say (p. 697), 'Along the shelter wall the chutesare marked by pronounced manganese manganese(măng`gənēs, măn`–)[Lat.,=magnet], metallic chemical element; symbol Mn; at. no. 25; at. wt. 54.938; m.p. about 1,244°C;; b.p. about 1,962°C;; sp. gr. 7.2 to 7. staining.' How could they knowby simply looking this was manganese staining? They neither say thatthese stains are limited nor undertake a correlation between thesestains and the excavated areas. The excavators have taken intoconsideration possibilities of disturbance where these stains were foundlow down; these have been duly registered.Pot-holes exist under the waterfall at the west of the site, but nonehas been 'obscured by a cement column' (p. 697). The columnswere constructed in holes made by masons in the base-rock or in the backwall. The walkway is suspended over the pot-hole, where it has nosupport columns.Meltzer et al.'s figure 3 (p. 698) shows the current state ofthe site, with its vast support walls - an important fact forobservations made below.Issues of dating and samplingThe number of 14C determinations has grown as samples are re-dated onthe large Modano accelerator, and as new samples are dated. A consequentrevision of sub-phases (p. 699) is normal, as dating studies keep pacewith new results and with varied laboratory analysis.Samples assigned a more recent age by conventional 14C analysis aresupplying very much older determinations when re-dated by AMS AMS - Andrew Message System . Thus, andsince the fallen blocks break continuity between different excavatedareas, certain lithics have been passed from PF2 to PF1. This explainsthe remarks made on p. 701.Page 699 contains false statements which invalidate in��val��i��date?tr.v. in��val��i��dat��ed, in��val��i��dat��ing, in��val��i��datesTo make invalid; nullify.in��val Meltzer etal.'s criticism. Guidon's excavations used the technique offine de-capages, following the inclination of vestiges and sediments -by natural levels, not by 'arbitrary levels' as stated. Eachdecapage, average thickness 3 cm, perfectly permitted connecting eachmaterial vestige vestige/ves��tige/ (ves��tij) the remnant of a structure that functioned in a previous stage of species or individual development.vestig��ial ves��tigen. , human or natural, existing in the archaeological soil.The taking of sediment samples was not 'essentiallyarbitrary', but according to according toprep.1. As stated or indicated by; on the authority of: according to historians.2. In keeping with: according to instructions.3. the techniques used in France.Collections were made for pollen study (by L. Emperaire), and forgranulometric analysis (by J. Pellerin).We have not analysed the hundreds of samples collected, but chosenthose which might yield useful information. Pellerin remarks:there is no reason to attach so much importance to the indiscriminatemultiplication of granulometric analyses. I maintain that thismultiplication of analyses was not indispensable because the ones whichwere carried out at the start, complemented by a selection from the mainlevels of Parenti's sections, showed that the cumulative curveswere all similar to each other and comparable with the matrix of thesandstone from the wall. The curves show that the sediment is made up ofcoarse and medium sand. There are no 'fine' elements (silt andclay) in the archaeological sediments, and none in the sandstone,whereas the soil of the chapadas (plateaux above the site) containsclay; this seems to me to be an argument in support of the claim thatthe greater part of the fill originates from the disintegration of thesandstone of the upper walls through the liberation of the quartz grainsfrom their cement, and furthermore that there is no later change. Thedisintegration of the sandstone, grain by grain, that is foundthroughout the deposit still continues today, and seems to be duefundamentally to the salts exuding from the walls themselves. We havedetected only a slight increase in the proportion of clay in the levelspre-dating the archaeological cycle; pinkish sterile lower levels.There was no 'radiocarbon sampling' (p. 700): all thecharcoal was collected, and hundreds of samples are in store. The onesdated are those which might answer archaeologically pertinent questions.On page 701 is another dubious statement: 'Parenti reportsseveral radiocarbon determinations run by Beta Analytic were out ofsequence.' On the same page, in the list of datings Parenti setaside, are not several, but two determinations from Beta Analytic. Thereasons these determinations were set aside, as archaeologists commonlydo, form part of Parenti's monograph.Charcoal and its originAdovasio (p. 702), analysing charcoal fibres during his rapid visit,identified several species in one hearth which suggested to him naturalburning. In an indigenous camp-site, hands are laid on available drywood, without regard to species. An anthracologist is studying the PedraFurada charcoal; he spent a month preparing slivers of charcoal and woodfor a reference collection, and needs more to make progress. One yearon, we do not yet have replies as exact as Adovasio's conclusion!On page 702, Meltzer et al. return to the question: a semi-aridregion means natural fires. They confuse caatinga, a vegetation onlyexisting in northeast Brazil about which they have not the leastknowledge, with cerrado or savannah. Natural fires do not exist incaatinga; fire is not propagated in it; it does not show adaptations tofire, as cerrado does. The authors ask (p. 702): 'Even if brushfires are uncommon in the caatinga today, were they uncommon in thePleistocene vegetation surrounding the site?', which shows theirlack of knowledge. In vegetation maps of Brazil, this region consists ofremnants of rain-forest. The area (cf. Emperaire 1985; 1989; Guerin etal. 1993), today covered by caatinga, retains species of humid tropicalforest in its narrowest canyons. This vegetal vegetal/veg��e��tal/ (vej��e-t'l) vegetative (defs. 1, 2, and 3). veg��e��taladj.1. Of, relating to, or characteristic of plants.2. covering lasted until c.12,000 years ago. We know not a single article which shows that therain-forest burns regularly.Why, we ask, is it only in the interior part of Pedra Furada and notin the external part, or in the talus talus(tā`ləs), deposit of rock fragments detached from cliffs or mountain slopes by weathering and piled up at their bases. A talus is a common geologic feature in regions of high cliffs. , or in the valley, that vegetationcaught fire in such a regular way that charcoal deposits formed only incertain places? Why - at other excavated sites, or in the valley whereconstruction work has been carried out - has no such stratigraphic stra��tig��ra��phy?n.The study of rock strata, especially the distribution, deposition, and age of sedimentary rocks.strat sequence been found of charcoal of natural origin? Did the wind stopbringing charcoal in the Holocene?A false statement on p. 702 leads us to worry about the authors'intentions: 'excavations were rather limited outside thedrip-line'. Parenti carried out important excavations beyond thedrip-line [ILLUSTRATION FOR FIGURE 2 OMITTED]. Guidon gui��don?n.1. A small flag or pennant carried as a standard by a military unit.2. A soldier bearing such a flag or pennant. led excavations ina long, 25-m trench outside the drip-line. The entire western extremityof the shelter outside the drip-line was excavated: a trench, excavatedfrom the pot-hole for about 100 m, stops about halfway down the slope tothe valley. These external trenches were filled in, as Brazilianlegislation demands. Meltzer et al. did not see this, and did not askabout it. Before filling in these trenches, we laid plastic sheets toseparate the unexcavated part from the back-fill. Detailed study ofthese external excavations, and comparison of their stratigraphy withthe stratigraphy of the layers which lie behind the drip-line, showedthe internal sedimentation to have a different history and origin fromthe external. In these external areas we found charcoal only sparselyscattered - not accumulated inside the structured hearths. Lithic lith��ic?1?adj.Consisting of or relating to stone or rock.Adj. 1. lithic - of or containing lithium2. lithic - relating to or composed of stone; "lithic sandstone" artefacts, in insignificant numbers, were dispersed - not accumulatedaround the structures.The statement (p. 702) 'the Pedra Furada phase charcoal"lenses" were thick and diffuse' is shorn shorn?v.A past participle of shear.shornVerba past participle of shearAdj. 1. of meaning.Holocene layers from various sites of the region show these samecharcoal lenses which result from a great accumulation of charcoal,deriving from several structured hearths, made concomitantly or indifferent ages, slowly covered by sediment from the walls. But, as inthe Holocene, there appear associated materials - chert chert:see flint. , retouchedartefacts on quartz and quartzite quartzite,usually metamorphic rock composed of firmly cemented quartz grains. Most often it is white, light gray, yellowish, or light brown, but is sometimes colored blue, green, purple, or black by included minerals. , in addition to the eternalpebble-tools on quartz and quartzite, pigments used in the paintings,organic vestiges; no one speaks of forest fires This is a list of notorious forest fires: North AmericaYear Size Name Area Notes1825 3,000,000 acres (12,000 km2) Miramichi Fire New Brunswick Killed 160 people. ! We cannot consider twoidentical facts differently because a theory of the 1950s stated therewere no human vestiges in the South American Pleistocene!Some structures of the Pleistocene are equal to those of theHolocene, not only those of the Holocene layers in Pedra Furada, but toother sites, like Toca dos Coqueiros.As the combustion structures of Pedra Furada do not resemble thoseMeltzer et al. know (p. 702), they doubt that they are of anthropicorigin. Several times, they forget their own precept (p. 696),'each pre-Clovis claim is independent'; complaining when theydo not find exact similarities with the vestiges to which they areaccustomed. Why should all the combustion structures throughout Americafollow a North American North Americannamed after North America.North American blastomycosissee North American blastomycosis.North American cattle ticksee boophilusannulatus. model?Depositional regimesOn p. 703, Meltzer et al. state, 'The large blocks on thesterile floor or basement of the site may represent either initialre-entrant activity or very early roof collapse, as opposed to wallattrition.' If they had asked us, they would know it is a'very early roof collapse', clearly resting sometimes on soil,sometimes upon sediments, sometimes on the rocky base of the site.The interpretation of figure 5 offered on p. 702 informs the readerbadly. It shows the matrix of the balk balkthe action of a horse when it refuses to obey a command to which it usually responds. See also jibbing. . But it is not said on what sideor in which part of the witness column it was taken. The photograph wastaken on the outside part, beyond the drip-line.Why do the authors, so aware of methodological and technical demands,fail to explain where their figure 5 comes from? Our FIGURE 3 shows thestratigraphic contact between the internal and the external part of theshelter, demonstrating there exists no single pattern for a site thesize of Pedra Furada.The 'changes in the depositional regime of a presentlyunspecifiable nature' (p. 703) result from scanty knowledge of theregion. We studied and mapped all the plateau above the site, where wefound pebble-tools on top of the conglomerate. We have wound our wayback and forth over the valley and plateau for 20 years, observingperiods of great drought and violent rains. Sometimes a fallen tree, ora rock fallen from on high, does change the direction of rainwater.Certain ravines are deep, others shallow; in some, running water alwaysappears, in others water does not flow for years on end. We observe thatthe fall of rocks results from various parameters: type of rock,topography of the cliff, position of the cliff base in relation to thetalweg (bottom of the valley); position of previous falls of blocks;amount of rainwater draining through the valley.A fall of rocks in front of the site may have given rise to differentsedimentation in certain parts of the shelter (and may or may not havebeen occasioned in others). The violent action of the western waterfallduring the Pleistocene disturbed all the western extremity of the site;its stratigraphy was quite different from the central and eastern part.During the Holocene this action was minimal; the pot-hole, completelyobstructed, was covered by sediments. The eastern waterfall onlyperipherally affected the archaeological layers. Unlike the westernwaterfall, it was not formed in a cliff re-entrant, but in a salient,when some blocks came loose. The water falls into the fringe of thetalus and follows a normal descent. Today, with the accumulation offallen pebbles from at least 60,000 years, the cone is high; in thePleistocene, it was much below its current level. The action of water inthe central area was restricted to the southern limit of thearchaeological layers; it is only apparent in layers less than 19,000years old.Material arising from the 'overlying quartzite-laden bars'(p. 703) could not have fallen directly into the interior of the shelterbehind the drip-line. As to the aeolian Ae��o��li��an?adj.1. Of or relating to Aeolis or its people or culture.2. Greek Mythology Of or relating to Aeolus.3. aeolian Variant of eolian.n.1. component, we would be gratefulif Meltzer et al. indicated where they found it and how they identifiedit. Pellerin states:the aeolian hypothesis for the fill of part of the site istheoretically possible in the context of aridity, but under thoseconditions one should find better sorted sandy sediments; this is notthe case either at Pedra Furada or in the other sites. The aeoliansediments that I saw during my prospecting are only found in the valleyof Sao Francisco S?o Fran��cis��co?A river of eastern Brazil flowing about 2,896 km (1,800 mi) generally north-northeast and east to the Atlantic Ocean.Noun 1. River in a context of aridity that today is stillgreater than that in the region of the National Park.It is absurd to suggest that wind could carry material in from theoutside, from the lower parts to the heights, passing through thebarrier of the blocks and going on to deposit charcoal unfailinglyinside pebble and block structures.Excavation methodsThe statement, 'According to the excavators, themacro-stratigraphic units at the site were excavated without attentionto any internal stratification,' (p. 704) is false. Each'unit' was excavated in various decapages, varying bythickness and disposition. We pay attention to the internalstratification of each 'unit', noting all theircharacteristics. The authors state (p. 701): 'the term"unit" in the sample context column refers to a vertical[original emphasis] unit (from the Portuguese camada or nivel)',which demonstrates that they do not use our concepts: camada is astratigraphic unit with thickness, which is defined by its structure andcomposition; nivel corresponds to an archaeological soil, a moment inthe use of the site.None of the authors showed us their findings of 'undetectedstratigraphic changes'. We would have preferred - and it would havebeen more advantageous for American archaeology - to have been given apractical lesson than the theoretical one they have offered inANTIQUITY.Contrary to the false statements on p. 705, all the vestiges foundduring excavation were 'piece-plotted' or else drawn on theplans. The observations (p. 705) about the talus are not valid, for theauthors observed the talus as it is today, after excavation and afterconstruction work to preserve the site. They did not see the state ofthe site in 1973 and its regime of dripping water, when we discoveredit. They did not consult the plans of the site before the excavations;they did not examine the relationship between the dated structures andthe fallen blocks and the cone of the eastern waterfall. They drew falseconclusions from what they saw long afterwards.The affirmation, 'Excavation methods appear to have largelyemployed shovels and pick mattocks rather than trowels and smallertools,' (p. 710) is the falsest we have ever seen in ourprofessional life. The entire excavation was carried out with fine toolsand brushes; we used shovels and pick mattocks to clear disturbed areas,never to excavate the areas used by prehistoric man prehistoric man:see human evolution. and preserved fromdisturbance.Pebble-tools, and the lithic contextThe hypothesis (p. 708) put forward - that the pebble-tools wouldhave suffered flaking when they fell from the plateau top, and laterother flakings when pebbles fell on top of them - is ridiculous. Theartefact See artifact. in their figures 9 & 10 has five successive and parallelflake-scars on the same edge. By the authors' hypothesis, it willhave suffered the first when it fell; thereafter, four other pebblesfell on top of it, one beside the other, regularly, causing flake-scarswith equal technical characteristics.The statements of the authors (p. 705) on 'the cursoryexamination of the excavation backdirt piles that occur in the brushbeyond the shelter drip-line' (our emphasis) are false because:* the backdirt piles are in a place where initially there was a deepravine;* in this spot, there have accumulated over 17 years, not only thematrix resulting from the excavations, but also material from theclearing-up of the landslides, from the opening of the ditches andlaying of pipe systems, from the tidying-up of the sections to constructcontaining walls and set up walkways, and the remains of the materialsbrought in for the construction, which includes gravel, that is flakedstones (in the National Park area, until today the gravel used inconstruction works is made by hand!), to fabricate the concrete of thecolumns. In this same place, until today, is thrown material taken fromthe bottom of the site when periodic cleaning-up is carried out;* nobody saw the three authors with tools in their hands excavatingthe backdirt piles; they wrote that they made a 'cursoryexamination'. When making surface collections, in all probabilitythey took as examples the lithics broken up by the gravel workers fromthe city of Sao Raimundo Nonato. If they seriously want to explore thebackdirt piles, they can excavate down to the material which reallyemanated from the excavations. They can also excavate the third of thesite conserved intact.The statement that the falls of blocks were constant (p. 707) isfalse. We have been dating the falls in the different sites where wehave been excavating. They are episodic episodicsporadic; occurring in episodes. e. falling a paroxymal disorder described in Cavalier King Charles spaniels in which affected dogs, starting at an early age, experience episodes of extensor rigidity, possibly brought on by stress. e. , seemingly related to periods ofheavy rainfall; but at the moment we only have preliminary data to hand.On p. 708, the authors note, 'We remain to be convinced theSerra Talhada Serra Talhada is a city in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. It is located at 07o59'31" South and 38o17'54" West, at an altitude of 429 metres. As of 2004, its estimated population was 70,179 people. Its area is approximately 2965 km sq. quartzite specimens are artefacts.' This sentence,plus the outcry about 'an absence of culture change over 50,000years', result from ignorance of Brazilian archaeology. Artefactson quarts and quartzite exist - including retouched blades, retouchedlimaces (plano-convex), a bifacial projectile projectilesomething thrown forward.projectile syringesee blow dart.projectile vomitingforceful vomiting, usually without preceding retching, in which the vomitus is thrown well forward. point - of the mostbeautiful manufacture, technically equalling the chert artefacts.Alongside there are chopping-tools, pebble-tools and scrapers of atechnique identical to that of the Pleistocene. Guidon, excavatingshell-mounds and villages of the farming/pottery-making groups, foundflaked artefacts on chert, polished lithic pieces together withartefacts of quartz and quartzite (flakes, fragments, choppers,chopping-tools, scrapers, pebble-tools). All this material, undoubtedlyof anthropic origin, dated from 3000 to 1200 years b.p. There exists inBrazil, alongside a technical evolution, the permanence of certainsimple types and the use of raw materials of a lesser quality. We shouldaccept this fact, and seek reasons which may explain it.The authors suggest (p. 708) 'one would expect little variationin the flaked quartzite cobbles cob��ble?1?n.1. A cobblestone.2. Geology A rock fragment between 64 and 256 millimeters in diameter, especially one that has been naturally rounded.3. cobbles See cob coal.tr. from the Pedra Furada and Serra Talhadaphases, were they all created by the same natural processes'[original emphasis]. The pieces of a high technical quality have beenforgotten. And above all they do not explain how, in the Serra Talhadalayers, these 'geofacts' continue to arrive if the matrixchanged and is composed only of fine elements? How could they arrive ifthe evacuation of water from the eastern and western waterfalls cameabout directly through the talus? And would they always fall inside thehearths? On p. 709 the description of the analyses and experimentationundertaken by Dillehay on the traces of use-wear surprised us. After allthat has been published on use-wear, ever since Semenov, here we haveDillehay solving everything with 'a cursory microscopic inspection(using a portable Bausch & Lomb) of the sharp edges of 10 stoneartefacts, including three specimens identified as choppers and othersas large flakes. No discernible use-wear in the form of edge crushing,flaking and micro-fracturing were revealed at 50x magnification'[our emphasis].Our position in relation to the artefacts is this: only one lithicflaked by man is enough to demonstrate his presence.It became evident that only the extreme west of Pedra Furada wasinfluenced by rainwaters of high energy (not 'High-energy fluvial flu��vi��al?adj.1. Of, relating to, or inhabiting a river or stream.2. Produced by the action of a river or stream.[Middle English, from Latin action' (p. 709): there are not, and never were, rivers on thesite, only temporary gullies). But these disturbed parts were recognizedand treated separately.Another ingenuous in��gen��u��ous?adj.1. Lacking in cunning, guile, or worldliness; artless.2. Openly straightforward or frank; candid. See Synonyms at naive.3. Obsolete Ingenious. statement (p. 710) is, 'the preferred use-zonemight correspond to the driest or warmest portions of the shelter, forexample' [our emphasis]. This would be valid for Adovasio'sand Dillehay's sites, not for ours, in a southern latitude between8 and 10 degrees! All visitors who arrive in Pedra Furada immediatelynotice the site is much fresher than the valley below. Of course, thewhole site was not used in a uniform manner. The excavation plans showperfectly where the structures were found, the accumulations of charcoaland the placing of the artefacts. But the three colleagues did not askto see them.How can the authors state (p. 711) that, on other sites excavated orundergoing excavation, there do not exist artefacts of quartzite asabundant as in Pedra Furada? Why did they not compare the surfaceexcavated in Pedra Furada (about 700 sq. m) with the small excavationsof the other sites? Did they not see the pebble industry of 8000/7000years b.p. from Toca do Paraguaio, associated with two burials? Why mustall the sites have the same kind of industry, when they may have beenused for different purposes? Why admit differences in use-areas withinsites, yet expect the same distribution of the lithic industry betweensites?ConclusionThese are some of the corrective observations that it was necessaryto formulate. We thank the three colleagues for the time they spentworking in Pedra Furada. We know that it is not characteristic ofAmerican researchers, in general, to base their commentaries on anabsence of factual structure. We prefer to think that the articlecorresponds to the questions they would like to have posed during theCongress.ReferencesEMPERAIRE, L. 1985. La vegetation de l'Etat de Piaui, Bresil,Societe de Biogeographie, Paris 60(4): 151-63.1989. Vegetation et gestion des ressources naturelles dans lecaatinga du sud-est du Piaui (Bresil). Paris: ORSTOM ORSTOM Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique d'Outre-Mer (French).GUERIN, C., M. HUGUENY, C. MOURER-CHAUVIRE & M. FAURE. 1993.Paleoenvironment pleistocene dans l'aire archeologique de SaoRaimundo Nonato (Piaui, Bresil): apport An apport is the transference of an article from an unknown source, to you, or another place by unknown means.[1] The item can be anything, from coins and jewellery from ancient times, to modern objects such as watches and keys. des mammiferes et des oiseaux,Documents du Laboratoire Geologique de Lyon 125: 187-203.PARENTI, F. 1993. Le gisement quaternaire di la Toca do Boqueirao daPedra Furada (Piaui, Bresil) dans le contexte de la prehistoireamericaine: fouilles, stratigraphie, chronologie, evolution culturelle.Ph.D dissertation Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris.